Opioid-Abatement Toolkit

Opioid-Abatement Toolkit

Communiversity Developed and Tested

References

Introduction

Centers for Disease Control. (2021, November). U.S. Opioid Dispensing Rate Maps. https://​www​.cdc​.gov/​d​r​u​g​o​v​e​r​d​o​s​e​/​r​x​r​a​t​e​-​m​a​p​s​/​i​n​d​e​x​.html

Centers for Disease Control. (2022, July 19). Overdose death rates increased significantly for Black, American Indian/Alaska Native people in 2020. https://​www​.cdc​.gov/​m​e​d​i​a​/​r​e​l​e​a​s​e​s​/​2​0​2​2​/​s​0​7​1​9​-​o​v​e​r​d​o​s​e​-​r​a​t​e​s​-​v​s​.html

Centers for Disease Control. (2023, May 8). Provisional Data Shows U.S. Drug Overdose Deaths Top 100,000 in 2022. https://​blogs​.cdc​.gov/​n​c​h​s​/​2​0​2​3​/​0​5​/​1​8​/​7365/

Dunn, K.E., Bird, H.E., Bergeria, C.L., Ware, O.D., Strain, E.C, & Huhn, A.S. (2023, Apr 20). Operational definition of precipitated opioid withdrawal. Front Psychiatry. 14:1141980. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1141980. PMID: 37151972; PMCID: PMC10162012.

Gramlich, John (2022, Jan. 19). Recent Surge in US Drug Overdose Deaths Has Hit Black Men Hardest. Pew Center. https://​pewrsr​.ch/​3​R​M7Opd

Harvard‑T. H. Chan School of Public Health. (2023, May 10). Substantial Racial Inequalities despite frequent health care contact found in treatment for opioid use disorder. https://​bit​.ly/​3​t​iKPd4

Murphy, Greg. (2022, Feb. 15). “Murphy: Fentanyl is killing more young Americans than COVID-19.” https://​murphy​.house​.gov/​m​e​d​i​a​/​p​r​e​s​s​-​r​e​l​e​a​s​e​s​/​m​u​r​p​h​y​-​f​e​n​t​a​n​y​l​-​k​i​l​l​i​n​g​-​m​o​r​e​-​y​o​u​n​g​-​a​m​e​r​i​c​a​n​s​-​c​o​v​id-19

Naegle, M., Finnell, D., Kapla, L., Reuter-Rice, K., Oerther, S., & Van Hook, P. (2020). Opioid Crisis through the Lens of Social Justice. Nursing Outlook. https://​www​.nursingoutlook​.org/​a​r​t​i​c​l​e​/​S​0​0​2​9​-​6​5​5​4​(​2​0​)​30637 – 0/fulltext

National Institute of Drug Abuse (NIDA). (2023, June 30). Drug Overdose Death Rates. https://​nida​.nih​.gov/​r​e​s​e​a​r​c​h​-​t​o​p​i​c​s​/​t​r​e​n​d​s​-​s​t​a​t​i​s​t​i​c​s​/​o​v​e​r​d​o​s​e​-​d​e​a​t​h​-​rates

National Institutes of Health (NIH). The Opioid Crises — More than Just Overdose Deaths. https://​youtu​.be/​k​O​k​F​o​y​Afblw

North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services. (2023, June). https://​www​.ncdhhs​.gov/​a​b​o​u​t​/​d​e​p​a​r​t​m​e​n​t​-​i​n​i​t​i​a​t​i​v​e​s​/​o​v​e​r​d​o​s​e​-​e​p​i​d​e​m​i​c​/​o​v​e​r​d​o​s​e​-data

North Carolina Emergency Department (E.D.) Visits for Opioid Overdose: June 2023. https://www.ncdhhs.gov/north-carolina-emergency-department-visits-opioid-overdose-%E2%80%93-monthly-data

Romero R., Friedman J., Goodman-Meza, D., Shover, C.L. (2023, May). U.S. drug overdose mortality rose faster among Hispanics than non-Hispanics from 2010 to 2021. Drug Alcohol Depend. 1;246:109859. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2023.109859. Epub 2023 Mar 29. PMID: 37031488.

Module 1 — Terminology and History

A Brother & Sister’s Journey Through Opioid Addiction. (2022, July 6). PBS. YouTube.

Akpan, Nsikan, & Griffin, Julia. (2017. October 9). How a Brain Gets Hooked on Opioids. PBS. https://​www​.pbs​.org/​n​e​w​s​h​o​u​r​/​s​c​i​e​n​c​e​/​b​r​a​i​n​-​g​e​t​s​-​h​o​o​k​e​d​-​o​p​ioids and video.

American Addiction Centers Staff (2023, July 10). What is Precipitated Withdrawal? https://​americanaddictioncenters​.org/​s​u​b​o​x​o​n​e​/​p​r​e​c​i​p​i​t​a​t​e​d​-​w​i​t​h​d​rawal

American Society of Addiction Medicine (ASAM). (2021). Definitions. ASAM https://​www​.asam​.org/​q​u​a​l​i​t​y​-​c​a​r​e​/​d​e​f​i​n​i​t​i​o​n​-​o​f​-​a​d​d​i​c​t​i​o​n​/​g​l​o​s​s​a​r​y​-​o​f​-​a​d​d​i​ction

Asap Science. Your Brain on Fentanyl. Video.

Bergh, M.S., Øiestad, Å.M.L., Baumann, M.H., & Bogen, I.L. (2021, Apr.) Selectivity and sensitivity of urine fentanyl test strips to detect fentanyl analogues in illicit drugs. Int J Drug Policy. 90:103065. doi: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2020.103065. Epub 2020 Dec 14. PMID: 33333419.

Bigg, Matthew. (2007, December 4). Report says U.S. jails more blacks than whites for drugs. https://​reut​.rs/​3​G​MSfYZ   

Brain Reward Pathway. Neuroscience Reward System. YouTube.

Carolina Behavioral Health Pharmacy, Durham office. 4102 Ben Franklin Blvd Durham, NC 27704. 919 – 972-7700

Carson, E. Ann. (2014). Prisoners in 2013. Bureau of Justice Statistics. Prisoners in 2013 | Bureau of Justice Statistics (ojp​.gov). https://​bjs​.ojp​.gov/​c​o​n​t​e​n​t​/​p​u​b​/​p​d​f​/​p​1​3.pdf

CBC Radio Canada. (2016). Carfentanil: A Drug more deadly than heroin. Video: https://​www​.cbc​.ca/​p​l​a​y​e​r​/​p​l​a​y​/​8​3​3​0​9​9​8​43540 CBS/Radio-Canada

CBS News Philadelphia. (n.d.). Willow Grove Lab is First in the World to Identify Nitazene Opioid. https://​youtu​.be/​3​6​N​1​p​5​kX61M

Centers for Disease Control (CDC). (2022, September 6). Podcast – The Dangers of Fentanyl [MP3 – 12 MB] https://​www​.cdc​.gov/​o​r​e​/​s​e​a​r​c​h​/​p​a​g​e​s​/​C​D​C​-​P​o​d​c​a​s​t​-​T​h​e​-​D​a​n​g​e​r​s​-​o​f​-​F​e​n​t​a​n​y​l​_​a​u​d​i​o​.html

Centers for Disease Control (CDC). (2022, Nov. 3). Prescription Drug Monitoring Program. https://​www​.cdc​.gov/​o​p​i​o​i​d​s​/​h​e​a​l​t​h​c​a​r​e​-​p​r​o​f​e​s​s​i​o​n​a​l​s​/​p​d​m​p​s​.html

Centers for Disease Control (CDC). (2023, August 8). Understanding the Opioid Overdose Epidemic. Opioid misuse. https://​www​.cdc​.gov/​o​p​i​o​i​d​s​/​b​a​s​i​c​s​/​e​p​i​d​e​m​i​c​.html

Centers for Disease Control (CDC) (2023, September 6). “Fentanyl Facts.” https://​www​.cdc​.gov/​s​t​o​p​o​v​e​r​d​o​s​e​/​f​e​n​t​a​n​y​l​/​i​n​d​e​x​.html

Chui, M., & Mott, D. (2022). Enhancing Opioid Stewardship in Rural Wisconsin Health Systems: A Toolkit for Pharmacists. University of Wisconsin – Madison School of Pharmacy Sonderegger Research Center for Improved Medication Outcomes. Madison, WI.

Cohen, A., Vakharia, S.P., Netherland, J., & Frederique, K. (2022, Dec.). How the war on drugs impacts social determinants of health beyond the criminal legal system. Ann Med. 54(1):2024 – 2038. doi: 10.1080/07853890.2022.2100926. PMID: 35852299; PMCID: PMC9302017.

Dowell, D., Ragan, K.R., Jones, C.M., Baldwin, G.T., & Chou, R. CDC Clinical Practice Guidelines for Prescribing Opioids for Pain — United States, 2022. MMWR Recomm Rep 2022;71 (No. RR‑3: 1 – 95. DOI: http://​dx​.doi​.org/​1​0​.​1​5​5​8​5​/​m​m​w​r​.​r​r​7​103a1.

Drug Enforcement Agency. (n.d.). Fentanyl Fact Sheet. https://​www​.dea​.gov/​s​i​t​e​s​/​d​e​f​a​u​l​t​/​f​i​l​e​s​/2023 – 03/Fentanyl%202022%20Drug%20Fact%20Sheet.pdf

Drug Enforcement Agency. (2022, June 1). New Dangerous Synthetic Opioid in D.C., Emerging in Tri-State Area. https://​bit​.ly/​3​G​LzXYb

Drug Policy Alliance. (2023). Drug War History. https://​drugpolicy​.org/​d​r​u​g​-​w​a​r​-​h​i​s​tory/

Drug Policy Alliance. What is the Drug War? With Jay‑Z and Molly Crabapple. Video

Drug Tolerance (3:32). Heinze, Susana.  YouTube. https://​www​.youtube​.com/​w​a​t​c​h​?​v​=​n​z​n​S​b​V​N6Ef8

Ducarme F, Flipo, F., & Couvet, D. (2021, June). How the diversity of human concepts of nature affects conservation of biodiversity. Conserv Biol. 35(3):1019 – 1028. doi: 10.1111/cobi.13639. Epub 2020 Dec 30. PMID: 32996235; PMCID: PMC8247028.

Dunn, K.E., Bird, H.E., Bergeria, C.L., Ware, O.D., Strain, E.C, & Huhn, A.S. (2023, Apr 20). Operational definition of precipitated opioid withdrawal. Front Psychiatry. 14:1141980. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1141980. PMID: 37151972; PMCID: PMC10162012.

Francis, Leigh Ann. (n.d.). Racism in the War on Drugs. Smith College School of Social Work. Video. https://​www​.youtube​.com/​w​a​t​c​h​?​v​=​l​h​z​y​H​V​eF0Rs

Frontiers in Psychology. Brain pictures. https://​www​.frontiersin​.org/

Gerstein, D.R., & Harwood, H.J., editors. (1992). Treating Drug Problems: Volume 2: Commissioned Papers on Historical, Institutional, and Economic Contexts of Drug Treatment. Washington Institute of Medicine (U.S.), Committee for the Substance Abuse Coverage Study. DC: National Academies Press. A Century of American Narcotic Policy.

Ghandnoosh, Nazgol. (2023, October 11). One in Five: Ending Racial Inequity in Incarceration. Sentencing Project. https://​www​.sentencingproject​.org/​r​e​p​o​r​t​s​/​o​n​e​-​i​n​-​f​i​v​e​-​e​n​d​i​n​g​-​r​a​c​i​a​l​-​i​n​e​q​u​i​t​y​-​i​n​-​i​n​c​a​r​c​e​r​a​tion/

Goode, Erich. (2013). Drugs in American Society. 11th Ed. McGraw-Hill.

Harvard. This is What Happens to Your Brain on Opioids. Video https://​www​.youtube​.com/​w​a​t​c​h​?​v​=​N​D​V​V​_​M​__CSI

Hodge, Jamila, & Dholakia, Nazish. (2021, June 17). Fifty Years Ago Today, President Nixon Declared the War on Drugs. Vera. https://​www​.vera​.org/​n​e​w​s​/​f​i​f​t​y​-​y​e​a​r​s​-​a​g​o​-​t​o​d​a​y​-​p​r​e​s​i​d​e​n​t​-​n​i​x​o​n​-​d​e​c​l​a​r​e​d​-​t​h​e​-​w​a​r​-​o​n​-​drugs

Howard, Jacqueline. (2023, Aug. 29). Emerging Group of Synthetic Opioids May Be More Potent than Fentanyl, Study Warns. CNN Health. https://​www​.cnn​.com/​2​0​2​3​/​0​8​/​2​9​/​h​e​a​l​t​h​/​n​i​t​a​z​e​n​e​s​-​s​y​n​t​h​e​t​i​c​-​o​p​i​o​i​d​s​-​n​a​l​o​x​o​n​e​/​i​n​d​e​x​.html

ISI Research and Training Institute. (2023). Strengthening Systems of Care for People. https://​ssc​.jsi​.com

Julson, Erica. (2023, July 10). 10 Best ways to increase dopamine levels naturally. https://​www​.healthline​.com/​n​u​t​r​i​t​i​o​n​/​h​o​w​-​t​o​-​i​n​c​r​e​a​s​e​-​d​o​p​amine

Lipari, Rachel & Hughes, Arthur. (2017, Jan. 12). How People Obtain the Prescription Pain Relievers They Misuse. CBSHQ Report. https://​www​.samhsa​.gov/​d​a​t​a​/​s​i​t​e​s​/​d​e​f​a​u​l​t​/​f​i​l​e​s​/​r​e​p​o​r​t​_​2​6​8​6​/​S​h​o​r​t​R​e​p​o​r​t​-​2​6​8​6​.html

Martin, Eric. (2017, March 1). Hidden Consequences: The Impact of Incarceration on Dependent Children. NIJ Journal. https://​nij​.ojp​.gov/​t​o​p​i​c​s​/​a​r​t​i​c​l​e​s​/​h​i​d​d​e​n​-​c​o​n​s​e​q​u​e​n​c​e​s​-​i​m​p​a​c​t​-​i​n​c​a​r​c​e​r​a​t​i​o​n​-​d​e​p​e​n​d​e​n​t​-​c​h​i​ldren

McPhillips, Deidre. CNN. (2023). Overdose deaths continue to rise in the U.S., reaching another record level, provisional data shows. https://​krdo​.com/​n​e​w​s​/​2​0​2​3​/​0​9​/​1​3​/​o​v​e​r​d​o​s​e​-​d​e​a​t​h​s​-​c​o​n​t​i​n​u​e​-​t​o​-​r​i​s​e​-​i​n​-​t​h​e​-​u​s​-​r​e​a​c​h​i​n​g​-​a​n​o​t​h​e​r​-​r​e​c​o​r​d​-​l​e​v​e​l​-​p​r​o​v​i​s​i​o​n​a​l​-​d​a​t​a​-​s​hows/

More Powerful NC. (2023). Take Back Your Drugs. https://​www​.morepowerfulnc​.org/​g​e​t​-​i​n​v​o​l​v​e​d​/​p​i​l​l​-​d​i​s​p​osal/

National Institute of Drug Abuse (NIDA). (n.d.). Video. Mind Matters: What Are Opioids? https://​www​.youtube​.com/​w​a​t​c​h​?​v​=​k​s​5​w​G​1​UbUMY

National Institute of Drug Abuse (NIDA). (2003, April-June). Clinical Opiate Withdrawal Scale. /https://​nida​.nih​.gov/​s​i​t​e​s​/​d​e​f​a​u​l​t​/​f​i​l​e​s​/​C​l​i​n​i​c​a​l​O​p​i​a​t​e​W​i​t​h​d​r​a​w​a​l​S​c​a​l​e.pdf

National Institute of Drug Abuse (NIDA). (2021, June 1). Prescription Opioids Drug Facts. https://​nida​.nih​.gov/​p​u​b​l​i​c​a​t​i​o​n​s​/​d​r​u​g​f​a​c​t​s​/​p​r​e​s​c​r​i​p​t​i​o​n​-​o​p​ioids

National Institutes of Health. What Are Opioids? Video.

National Safety Council. The Effects of Opioids on the Brain. YouTube. https://​www​.youtube​.com/​w​a​t​c​h​?​v​=​P​h​n​P​S​1​hKf_8

Nellis, Ashley. (2021, October 13). The Color of Justice: Racial and Ethnic Disparity in State Prisons. The Sentencing Project. https://​www​.sentencingproject​.org/​r​e​p​o​r​t​s​/​t​h​e​-​c​o​l​o​r​-​o​f​-​j​u​s​t​i​c​e​-​r​a​c​i​a​l​-​a​n​d​-​e​t​h​n​i​c​-​d​i​s​p​a​r​i​t​y​-​i​n​-​s​t​a​t​e​-​p​r​i​s​o​n​s​-​t​h​e​-​s​e​n​t​e​n​c​i​n​g​-​p​r​o​ject/

Netherland, Julia, & Hansen, Helena. (2017, June 28). White Opioids: Pharmaceutical race and the war on drugs that wasn’t, BioSocieties, 12, 217 – 28. https://​link​.springer​.com/​a​r​t​i​c​l​e​/​1​0​.​1​0​5​7​/​b​i​o​s​o​c​.​2​0​15.46

North Carolina Health Department. https://​www​.morepowerfulnc​.org/​g​e​t​-​i​n​v​o​l​v​e​d​/​p​i​l​l​-​d​i​s​p​osal/

Opioids: How They Affect Your Brain & Signs of Withdrawal (2021). YouTube (3:04). https://​www​.youtube​.com/​w​a​t​c​h​?​v​=​X​T​Q​c​_​v​kncYg

Opioids Mechanism of Action, Addiction, Dependence and Tolerance. (2017). YouTube. Allia Medical Media. https://​www​.youtube​.com/​w​a​t​c​h​?​v​=​2​9​Z​0​q​L​B8sEc

Opioid Withdrawal Symptoms (3:18) (2020, January 7). YouTube. Psych Hub. https://​www​.youtube​.com/​w​a​t​c​h​?​v​=​2​M​6​j​k​W​utyh0

Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. (n.d.). Fentanyl Analogs. https://​www​.pnnl​.gov/​e​x​p​l​a​i​n​e​r​-​a​r​t​i​c​l​e​s​/​f​e​n​t​a​n​y​l​-​a​n​alogs

Pascual, Ignacio Diaz. 2021. America’s War on Drugs — 50 Years Later. Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights. https://​civilrights​.org/​b​l​o​g​/​a​m​e​r​i​c​a​s​-​w​a​r​-​o​n​-​d​r​u​g​s​-​5​0​-​y​e​a​r​s​-​l​ater/

Payette, Glenn. (2017, Aug. 31). Fentanyl: Here’s How It Kills You. https//www.cbc and video How Fentanyl Kills. Video. https://​bit​.ly/​4​a​Al0WK

PBS Frontline. (1998). Opium Throughout History. https://​www​.pbs​.org/​w​g​b​h​/​p​a​g​e​s​/​f​r​o​n​t​l​i​n​e​/​s​h​o​w​s​/​h​e​r​o​i​n​/​e​t​c​/​h​i​s​t​o​r​y​.html

PBS Newshour. Video. Why the Human Brain Loves Opioids. https://​www​.youtube​.com/​w​a​t​c​h​?​v​=​f​V​d​X​1​B​89QOA

Pergolizzi, J. Jr, Raffa, R., LeQuang, J.A.K., Breve, F., & Varrassi, G., Old Drugs and New Challenges: A Narrative Review of Nitazenes. (2023 Ju 21). Cureus.  21;15(6):e40736. doi: 10.7759/cureus.40736. PMID: 37485167; PMCID: PMC10361140.

Perry, Mark. (2018). The Shocking Story Behind Richard Nixon’s War on Drugs that Targeted Blacks and Anti-war activists. American Enterprise Institute. https://​www​.aei​.org/​c​a​r​p​e​-​d​i​e​m​/​t​h​e​-​s​h​o​c​k​i​n​g​-​a​n​d​-​s​i​c​k​e​n​i​n​g​-​s​t​o​r​y​-​b​e​h​i​n​d​-​n​i​x​o​n​s​-​w​a​r​-​o​n​-​d​r​u​g​s​-​t​h​a​t​-​t​a​r​g​e​t​e​d​-​b​l​a​c​k​s​-​a​n​d​-​a​n​t​i​-​w​a​r​-​a​c​t​i​v​ists/

Prince suddenly dies at Paisley Park from fentanyl overdose: 20/20 Part 2. ABC News. https://​www​.youtube​.com/​w​a​t​c​h​?​v​=​a​O​q​Y​2​8​Q10dM

Radar, David. (2023, April 13). The Opioid Epidemic and Mental Health: Understanding the Link and Finding Hope. Psychreg. https://​www​.psychreg​.org/​o​p​i​o​i​d​-​e​p​i​d​e​m​i​c​-​m​e​n​t​a​l​-​h​e​a​l​t​h​-​u​n​d​e​r​s​t​a​n​d​i​n​g​-​l​i​n​k​-​f​i​n​d​i​n​g​-​hope/

Sanders, Laura. (n.d.). “Opioids Kill: Here’s how an overdose shuts down your body.” Science News. https://​sciencenews​.org/​a​r​t​i​c​l​e​/​o​p​i​o​i​d​-​c​r​i​s​i​s​-​o​v​e​r​d​o​s​e​-​death

Science of opioid withdrawal. The. YouTube. Stat. (2016, May 27). https://​www​.youtube​.com/​w​a​t​c​h​?​v​=​C​d​u​C​r​-​kJXtk

Schlosser, Eric. (1994, August). Reefer Madness. Atlantic. https://​www​.theatlantic​.com/​m​a​g​a​z​i​n​e​/​a​r​c​h​i​v​e​/​1​9​9​4​/​0​8​/​r​e​e​f​e​r​-​m​a​d​n​e​s​s​/​3​0​3476/

Shah, M., & Huecker, M.R. (Updated 2023, Jul 21). Opioid Withdrawal. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (F.L.): StatPearls Publishing. https://​www​.ncbi​.nlm​.nih​.gov/​b​o​o​k​s​/​N​B​K​5​2​6012/

Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) (2020). Results from the 2020 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. www​.samhsa​.gov/​d​a​t​a​/​s​i​t​e​s​/​d​e​f​a​u​l​t​/​f​i​l​e​s​/​r​e​p​o​r​t​s​/​r​p​t​3​5​3​2​5​/​2​0​2​0​N​S​D​U​H​F​F​R​S​l​i​d​e​s​0​9​0​8​2​1.pdf

Strengthening Systems of Care for People with HIV and Opioid Use Disorder. (n.d.). https://​ssc​.jsi​.com/​r​e​s​o​urces

This is what Happens to Your Brain on Opioids. Susan’s Brain: The Science of Addiction. www​.youtube​.com/​w​a​t​c​h​?​b​=​N​D​V​_​M_CSI

2‑Minute Neuroscience: Reward System. Neuroscientifically Challenged. https://​www​.youtube​.com/​w​a​t​c​h​?​v​=​f​7​E​O​m​T​JQ2KM

U.S. Sentencing Commission. (1991, August). Mandatory Minimum Penalties in the Federal Criminal Justice System. https://​www​.ojp​.gov/​p​d​f​f​i​l​e​s​1​/​D​i​g​i​t​i​z​a​t​i​o​n​/​1​3​7​9​1​0​N​C​J​R​S.pdf

Module 2 — Building Community Coalitions

ACT-TV. Systemic Racism.  https://​youtu​.be/​Y​r​H​I​Q​I​O​_​b​d​Q​?​s​i​=​2​8​o​B​Y​8​O​N​n​p​s​vnU2i

Center for Parent and Teen Communication. Seven C’s of Resilience –Parent and Teen. YouTube (2018, August 28). https://​www​.youtube​.com/​c​/​P​a​r​e​n​t​a​n​dTeen

Centers for Disease Control (CDC) (n.d.). Take Action to Prevent Addiction Fact Sheet. https://​www​.cdc​.gov/​d​r​u​g​o​v​e​r​d​o​s​e​/​p​d​f​/​P​r​e​v​e​n​t​-​A​d​d​i​c​t​i​o​n​-​F​a​c​t​-​S​h​e​e​t.pdf

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Table: Medication-assisted Treatment Options for Opioid Abuse

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Learning Modules