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Opioid-Abatement Toolkit

Opioid-Abatement Toolkit

Communiversity Developed and Tested

References

Citations and links were current as of October 17, 2025, but may change or become outdated over time. New research may also revise or expand on the information cited. To report broken links or suggest corrections, please contact website-​comments@​opioid-​abatement.​com.

Background

Barnett, M. L., Meara, E., Lewison, T., Hardy, B., Chyn, D., Onsando, M., Huskamp, H. A., Mehrotra, A., & Morden, N. E. (2023, May 10). Racial Inequality in Receipt of Medications for Opioid Use Disorder. New England Journal of Medicine, 388 (19), DOI: 10.1056/NEJMsa2212412

Centers for Disease Control. (2021, November). U.S. Opioid Dispensing Rate Maps. https://​www​.cdc​.gov/​d​r​u​g​o​v​e​r​d​o​s​e​/​r​x​r​a​t​e​-​m​a​p​s​/​i​n​d​e​x​.html

Centers for Disease Control. (2022, July 19). Overdose death rates increased significantly for Black, American Indian/Alaska Native people in 2020. https://​www​.cdc​.gov/​m​e​d​i​a​/​r​e​l​e​a​s​e​s​/​2​0​2​2​/​s​0​7​1​9​-​o​v​e​r​d​o​s​e​-​r​a​t​e​s​-​v​s​.html

Centers for Disease Control. (2023, May 8). Provisional Data Shows U.S. Drug Overdose Deaths Top 100,000 in 2022. https://​blogs​.cdc​.gov/​n​c​h​s​/​2​0​2​3​/​0​5​/​1​8​/​7365/

Dunn, K.E., Bird, H.E., Bergeria, C.L., Ware, O.D., Strain, E.C, & Huhn, A.S. (2023, Apr 20). Operational definition of precipitated opioid withdrawal. Front Psychiatry, 14:1141980. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1141980

Gramlich, John (2022, Jan. 19). Recent Surge in US Drug Overdose Deaths Has Hit Black Men Hardest. Pew Center. https://​www​.pewresearch​.org/​s​h​o​r​t​-​r​e​a​d​s​/​2​0​2​2​/​0​1​/​1​9​/​r​e​c​e​n​t​-​s​u​r​g​e​-​i​n​-​u​-​s​-​d​r​u​g​-​o​v​e​r​d​o​s​e​-​d​e​a​t​h​s​-​h​a​s​-​h​i​t​-​b​l​a​c​k​-​m​e​n​-​t​h​e​-​h​a​r​dest/

Murphy, Greg. (2022, Feb. 15). Murphy: “Fentanyl is killing more young Americans than COVID-19.” https://​murphy​.house​.gov/​m​e​d​i​a​/​p​r​e​s​s​-​r​e​l​e​a​s​e​s​/​m​u​r​p​h​y​-​f​e​n​t​a​n​y​l​-​k​i​l​l​i​n​g​-​m​o​r​e​-​y​o​u​n​g​-​a​m​e​r​i​c​a​n​s​-​c​o​v​id-19

Naegle, M., Finnell, D., Kapla, L., Reuter-Rice, K., Oerther, S., & Van Hook, P. (2020). Opioid Crisis through the Lens of Social Justice. Nursing Outlook. https://​www​.nursingoutlook​.org/​a​r​t​i​c​l​e​/​S​0​0​2​9​-​6​5​5​4​(​2​0​)​30637 – 0/fulltext

National Institute of Drug Abuse (NIDA). (2023, June 30). Drug Overdose Death Rates. https://​nida​.nih​.gov/​r​e​s​e​a​r​c​h​-​t​o​p​i​c​s​/​t​r​e​n​d​s​-​s​t​a​t​i​s​t​i​c​s​/​o​v​e​r​d​o​s​e​-​d​e​a​t​h​-​rates

National Institutes of Health (NIH). The Opioid Crises — More than Just Overdose Deaths. https://​youtu​.be/​k​O​k​F​o​y​Afblw

North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services. (May 22, 2023). North Carolina Overdose Epidemic Data. https://​www​.dph​.ncdhhs​.gov/​p​r​o​g​r​a​m​s​/​c​h​r​o​n​i​c​-​d​i​s​e​a​s​e​-​a​n​d​-​i​n​j​u​r​y​/​i​n​j​u​r​y​-​a​n​d​-​v​i​o​l​e​n​c​e​-​p​r​e​v​e​n​t​i​o​n​-​b​r​a​n​c​h​/​n​o​r​t​h​-​c​a​r​o​l​i​n​a​-​o​v​e​r​d​o​s​e​-​e​p​i​d​e​m​i​c​-data

North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services. (2023, June). https://​www​.ncdhhs​.gov/​a​b​o​u​t​/​d​e​p​a​r​t​m​e​n​t​-​i​n​i​t​i​a​t​i​v​e​s​/​o​v​e​r​d​o​s​e​-​e​p​i​d​e​m​i​c​/​o​v​e​r​d​o​s​e​-data

North Carolina Emergency Department (E.D.) Visits for Opioid Overdose: June 2023. https://www.ncdhhs.gov/north-carolina-emergency-department-visits-opioid-overdose-%E2%80%93-monthly-data

Romero R., Friedman J., Goodman-Meza, D., Shover, C.L. (2023, May). U.S. drug overdose mortality rose faster among Hispanics than non-Hispanics from 2010 to 2021. Drug Alcohol Depend. 1;246:109859. DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2023.109859

Opioids 101 and Opioid Use Disorder

Alila Medical Media: Neuroscience Basics: Dopamine Reward Pathway, Animation. https://​www​.youtube​.com/​w​a​t​c​h​?​v​=​6​J​7​3​t​z​P2zFg

Akpan, Nsikan, & Griffin, Julia. (2017. October 9). How a Brain Gets Hooked on Opioids. PBS. https://www.pbs.org/newshour/science/brain-gets-hooked-opioids#:~:text=Addiction%20begins%20in%20the%20midbrain,brain’s%20euphoria%20and%20pleasure%20networks.

Allia Medical Media. (2017). Opioids Mechanism of Action, Addiction, Dependence and Tolerance Animation. YouTube. https://​www​.youtube​.com/​w​a​t​c​h​?​v​=​2​9​Z​0​q​L​B8sEc

American Addiction Centers Staff (2023, updated June 2025). What is Precipitated Withdrawal? https://​americanaddictioncenters​.org/​s​u​b​o​x​o​n​e​/​p​r​e​c​i​p​i​t​a​t​e​d​-​w​i​t​h​d​rawal

American Society of Addiction Medicine (ASAM). (2021). Glossary of Addiction.  https://​www​.asam​.org/​q​u​a​l​i​t​y​-​c​a​r​e​/​d​e​f​i​n​i​t​i​o​n​-​o​f​-​a​d​d​i​c​t​i​o​n​/​g​l​o​s​s​a​r​y​-​o​f​-​a​d​d​i​ction

Asap Science. (2017) Your Brain on Fentanyl (FIXED). YouTube. https://​youtu​.be/​C​0​t​W​8​F​W​B​m​1​g​?​s​i​=​U​w​l​2​l​I​8​s​V​R​W​iMli9

Bergh, M.S., Øiestad, Å.M.L., Baumann, M.H., & Bogen, I.L. (2021, April) Selectivity and sensitivity of urine fentanyl test strips to detect fentanyl analogues in illicit drugs. Int J Drug Policy. 90:103065. DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2020.103065.

Bigg, Matthew. (2007, December 4). Report says U.S. jails more blacks than whites for drugs. https://​www​.reuters​.com/​a​r​t​i​c​l​e​/​w​o​r​l​d​/​u​s​/​r​e​p​o​r​t​-​s​a​y​s​-​u​s​-​j​a​i​l​s​-​m​o​r​e​-​b​l​a​c​k​s​-​t​h​a​n​-​w​h​i​t​e​s​-​f​o​r​-​d​r​u​g​s​-​i​d​U​S​N​0​4​5​3​6868/

Carolina Behavioral Health Pharmacy, Durham office. 4102 Ben Franklin Blvd Durham, NC 27704. 919 – 972‑7700

Carson, E. Ann. (2014). Prisoners in 2013. U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs. https://​bjs​.ojp​.gov/​c​o​n​t​e​n​t​/​p​u​b​/​p​d​f​/​p​1​3.pdf

CBC Radio Canada. (2016). Carfentanil: A Drug more deadly than heroin. YouTube.  https://youtu.be/flnwIOSqBmo?si=v‑JG1uH-O6cyLaDI

CBS News Philadelphia. (2023, September 6). Willow Grove Lab is First in the World to Identify Nitazene Opioid. https://​www​.cbsnews​.com/​p​h​i​l​a​d​e​l​p​h​i​a​/​n​e​w​s​/​n​i​t​a​z​e​n​e​-​o​p​i​o​i​d​-​s​y​n​t​h​e​t​i​c​-​o​p​i​o​i​d​-​f​e​n​t​anyl/

Centers for Disease Control (CDC). (2024, September 20). The Dangers of Fentanyl (Podcast). https://www.cdc.gov/overdose-resources/files/the-dangers-of-fentanyl-podcast.html?CDC_AAref_Val=https://www.cdc.gov/ore/search/pages/CDC-Podcast-The-Dangers-of-Fentanyl_audio.html

Centers for Disease Control (CDC). (2024, May 6). Prescription Drug Monitoring Program. https://www.cdc.gov/overdose-prevention/hcp/clinical-guidance/prescription-drug-monitoring-programs.html?CDC_AAref_Val=https://www.cdc.gov/opioids/healthcare-professionals/pdmps.html

Centers for Disease Control (CDC). (2023, August 8). Understanding the Opioid Overdose Epidemic. https://www.cdc.gov/overdose-prevention/about/understanding-the-opioid-overdose-epidemic.html?CDC_AAref_Val=https://www.cdc.gov/opioids/basics/epidemic.html

Centers for Disease Control (CDC) (2023, September 6). Fentanyl Facts. https://www.cdc.gov/stop-overdose/caring/fentanyl-facts.html?CDC_AAref_Val=https://www.cdc.gov/stopoverdose/fentanyl/index.html

Chui, M., & Mott, D. (2022). Enhancing Opioid Stewardship in Rural Wisconsin Health Systems: A Toolkit for Pharmacists. University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Pharmacy Sonderegger Research Center for Improved Medication Outcomes. https://​pharmacy​.wisc​.edu/​s​r​c​/​e​d​u​c​a​t​i​o​n​/​o​p​i​o​i​d​-​s​t​e​w​a​r​d​s​h​i​p​-​t​o​o​lkit/

Cohen, A., Vakharia, S.P., Netherland, J., & Frederique, K. (2022, Dec.). How the war on drugs impacts social determinants of health beyond the criminal legal system. Ann Med. 54(1):2024 – 2038. DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2022.2100926

Dowell, D., Ragan, K.R., Jones, C.M., Baldwin, G.T., & Chou, R. CDC Clinical Practice Guidelines for Prescribing Opioids for Pain — United States, 2022. MMWR Recomm Rep 2022;71 (No. RR‑3: 1 – 95. DOI: http://​dx​.doi​.org/​1​0​.​1​5​5​8​5​/​m​m​w​r​.​r​r​7​103a1

Drug Enforcement Agency. (n.d.). Fentanyl Fact Sheet. https://​www​.dea​.gov/​r​e​s​o​u​r​c​e​s​/​f​a​c​t​s​-​a​b​o​u​t​-​f​e​n​tanyl

Drug Enforcement Agency. (2022, June 1). New, Dangerous Synthetic Opioid in D.C., Emerging in Tri-State Area. https://​www​.dea​.gov/​s​t​o​r​i​e​s​/​2​0​2​2​/2022 – 06/2022 – 06-01/new-dangerous-synthetic-opioid-dc-emerging-tri-state-area

Drug Policy Alliance. (2016) What is the Drug War? With Jay‑Z and Molly Crabapple. YouTube. https://​youtu​.be/​H​S​o​z​q​a​V​c​O​U​8​?​s​i​=​_​v​M​j​c​e​W​_​z​Y​A​OtHVD

Drug Policy Alliance. (2023). Drug War History. https://​drugpolicy​.org/​d​r​u​g​-​w​a​r​-​h​i​s​tory/

Ducarme, F., Flipo, F., & Couvet, D. (2021, June). How the diversity of human concepts of nature affects conservation of biodiversity. Conserv Biol. 35(3):1019 – 1028. doi: 10.1111/cobi.13639

Dunn, K.E., Bird, H.E., Bergeria, C.L., Ware, O.D., Strain, E.C, & Huhn, A.S. (2023, April 20). Operational definition of precipitated opioid withdrawal. Front Psychiatry. 14:1141980. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1141980

Francis, Leigh Ann. (2018, May 3). Racism in the War on Drugs. Smith College School of Social Work. YouTube. https://​www​.youtube​.com/​w​a​t​c​h​?​v​=​l​h​z​y​H​V​eF0Rs

Ghandnoosh, Nazgol. (2023, October 11). One in Five: Ending Racial Inequity in Incarceration. Sentencing Project. https://​www​.sentencingproject​.org/​r​e​p​o​r​t​s​/​o​n​e​-​i​n​-​f​i​v​e​-​e​n​d​i​n​g​-​r​a​c​i​a​l​-​i​n​e​q​u​i​t​y​-​i​n​-​i​n​c​a​r​c​e​r​a​tion/

Goode, Erich. (2013). Drugs in American Society. 11th Ed. McGraw-Hill.

Gross, S. R., Possley, M., Otterbourg, K., Stephens, K., Paredes, J. W., & O’Brien, B. (2022). Race and Wrongful Convictions in the United States.
https://exonerationregistry.org/sites/exonerationregistry.org/files/documents/Updated%20CP%20-%20Race%20Report%20Preview.pdf

Harvard Online. (2018) Susan’s Brain: The Science of Addiction. YouTube. https://​youtu​.be/​p​e​5​l​o​X​7​2​0​R​k​?​s​i​=​h​3​a​4​i​x​k​0​T​4​H​_LsrW

Heinze, Susana. (2013). Drug Tolerance. YouTube. https://​www​.youtube​.com/​w​a​t​c​h​?​v​=​n​z​n​S​b​V​N6Ef8

Hodge, Jamila, & Dholakia, Nazish. (2021, June 17). Fifty Years Ago Today, President Nixon Declared the War on Drugs. Vera. https://​www​.vera​.org/​n​e​w​s​/​f​i​f​t​y​-​y​e​a​r​s​-​a​g​o​-​t​o​d​a​y​-​p​r​e​s​i​d​e​n​t​-​n​i​x​o​n​-​d​e​c​l​a​r​e​d​-​t​h​e​-​w​a​r​-​o​n​-​drugs

Howard, Jacqueline. (2023, August 29). Emerging Group of Synthetic Opioids May Be More Potent than Fentanyl, Study Warns. CNN Health. https://​www​.cnn​.com/​2​0​2​3​/​0​8​/​2​9​/​h​e​a​l​t​h​/​n​i​t​a​z​e​n​e​s​-​s​y​n​t​h​e​t​i​c​-​o​p​i​o​i​d​s​-​n​a​l​o​x​o​n​e​/​i​n​d​e​x​.html

Institute of Medicine (US) Committee for the Substance Abuse Coverage Study, Gerstein, D.R., & Harwood, H.J. (Eds.). (1992). Treating Drug Problems: Volume 2. National Academies Press (US). https://​doi​.org/​1​0​.​1​7​2​2​6​/1971

Julson, Erica. (2023, July 10). 10 Best ways to increase dopamine levels naturally. https://​www​.healthline​.com/​n​u​t​r​i​t​i​o​n​/​h​o​w​-​t​o​-​i​n​c​r​e​a​s​e​-​d​o​p​amine

Lipari, Rachel & Hughes, Arthur. (2017, Jan. 12). How People Obtain the Prescription Pain Relievers They Misuse. CBSHQ Report. https://​www​.samhsa​.gov/​d​a​t​a​/​s​i​t​e​s​/​d​e​f​a​u​l​t​/​f​i​l​e​s​/​r​e​p​o​r​t​_​2​6​8​6​/​S​h​o​r​t​R​e​p​o​r​t​-​2​6​8​6​.html

Mark, G. Y. (1975). Racial, Economic and Political Factors in the Development of America’s First Drug Laws. Issues in Criminology, 10(1), 49 – 72. http://​www​.jstor​.org/​s​t​a​b​l​e​/​4​2​9​09717

Martin, Eric. (2017, March 1). Hidden Consequences: The Impact of Incarceration on Dependent Children. NIJ Journal. https://​nij​.ojp​.gov/​t​o​p​i​c​s​/​a​r​t​i​c​l​e​s​/​h​i​d​d​e​n​-​c​o​n​s​e​q​u​e​n​c​e​s​-​i​m​p​a​c​t​-​i​n​c​a​r​c​e​r​a​t​i​o​n​-​d​e​p​e​n​d​e​n​t​-​c​h​i​ldren

McPhillips, Deidre. (2023). Overdose deaths continue to rise in the U.S., reaching another record level, provisional data shows. CNN Newswire via KRDO. https://​krdo​.com/​n​e​w​s​/​2​0​2​3​/​0​9​/​1​3​/​o​v​e​r​d​o​s​e​-​d​e​a​t​h​s​-​c​o​n​t​i​n​u​e​-​t​o​-​r​i​s​e​-​i​n​-​t​h​e​-​u​s​-​r​e​a​c​h​i​n​g​-​a​n​o​t​h​e​r​-​r​e​c​o​r​d​-​l​e​v​e​l​-​p​r​o​v​i​s​i​o​n​a​l​-​d​a​t​a​-​s​hows/

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA). (2003, April-June). Clinical Opiate Withdrawal Scale. https://​nida​.nih​.gov/​s​i​t​e​s​/​d​e​f​a​u​l​t​/​f​i​l​e​s​/​C​l​i​n​i​c​a​l​O​p​i​a​t​e​W​i​t​h​d​r​a​w​a​l​S​c​a​l​e.pdf

National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health (NIDA/NIH). (2014). The Reward Circuit: How the Brain Responds to Natural Rewards and Drugs. YouTube. https://​youtu​.be/​D​M​c​m​r​P​-​B​W​G​k​?​s​i​=​x​3​8​h​v​g​_​3​s​1​1​006Ut

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA). (2019). Video. Mind Matters: What Are Opioids? https://​www​.youtube​.com/​w​a​t​c​h​?​v​=​k​s​5​w​G​1​UbUMY

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA). (2020a, July 6). Drug Misuse and Addiction. https://​nida​.nih​.gov/​p​u​b​l​i​c​a​t​i​o​n​s​/​d​r​u​g​s​-​b​r​a​i​n​s​-​b​e​h​a​v​i​o​r​-​s​c​i​e​n​c​e​-​a​d​d​i​c​t​i​o​n​/​d​r​u​g​-​m​i​s​u​s​e​-​a​d​d​i​ction

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA). (2020b, July 6). Treatment and Recovery. https://​nida​.nih​.gov/​p​u​b​l​i​c​a​t​i​o​n​s​/​d​r​u​g​s​-​b​r​a​i​n​s​-​b​e​h​a​v​i​o​r​-​s​c​i​e​n​c​e​-​a​d​d​i​c​t​i​o​n​/​t​r​e​a​t​m​e​n​t​-​r​e​c​overy

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA). (2021, June 1). Prescription Opioids Drug Facts. https://​nida​.nih​.gov/​p​u​b​l​i​c​a​t​i​o​n​s​/​d​r​u​g​f​a​c​t​s​/​p​r​e​s​c​r​i​p​t​i​o​n​-​o​p​ioids

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA). (2025). Drugs A to Z. https://nida.nih.gov/research-topics/drugs-a-to‑z

National Network of Immunization Coalitions. https://​www​.immunizationcoalitions​.org/

National Safety Council. The Effects of Opioids on the Brain. YouTube. https://​www​.youtube​.com/​w​a​t​c​h​?​v​=​P​h​n​P​S​1​hKf_8

Nellis, Ashley. (2021, October 13). The Color of Justice: Racial and Ethnic Disparity in State Prisons. The Sentencing Project. https://​www​.sentencingproject​.org/​r​e​p​o​r​t​s​/​t​h​e​-​c​o​l​o​r​-​o​f​-​j​u​s​t​i​c​e​-​r​a​c​i​a​l​-​a​n​d​-​e​t​h​n​i​c​-​d​i​s​p​a​r​i​t​y​-​i​n​-​s​t​a​t​e​-​p​r​i​s​o​n​s​-​t​h​e​-​s​e​n​t​e​n​c​i​n​g​-​p​r​o​ject/

Netherland, Julia, & Hansen, Helena. (2017, June 28). White Opioids: Pharmaceutical race and the war on drugs that wasn’t. BioSocieties, 12, 217 – 28. https://​link​.springer​.com/​a​r​t​i​c​l​e​/​1​0​.​1​0​5​7​/​b​i​o​s​o​c​.​2​0​15.46

Nucleus Medical Media. Drug Addiction: How Opioids Like Fentanyl Work. https://​youtu​.be/​-​R​F​9​v​g​5tbpo

Office of State Fire Marshall North Carolina Department of Insurance. (n.d.). Operation Medicine Drop. https://​www​.ncosfm​.gov/​c​o​m​m​u​n​i​t​y​-​r​i​s​k​-​r​e​d​u​c​t​i​o​n​/​o​p​e​r​a​t​i​o​n​-​m​e​d​i​c​i​n​e​-drop

Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. (n.d.). Fentanyl Analogs. https://​www​.pnnl​.gov/​e​x​p​l​a​i​n​e​r​-​a​r​t​i​c​l​e​s​/​f​e​n​t​a​n​y​l​-​a​n​alogs

Pascual, Ignacio Diaz. 2021. America’s War on Drugs — 50 Years Later. Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights. https://​civilrights​.org/​b​l​o​g​/​a​m​e​r​i​c​a​s​-​w​a​r​-​o​n​-​d​r​u​g​s​-​5​0​-​y​e​a​r​s​-​l​ater/

Payette, Glenn. (2017, Aug. 31). Fentanyl: Here’s How It Kills You. CBC News. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/newfoundland-labrador/fentanyl-death-opioid-drugs-high-extreme-naloxone‑1.4243787

PBS. (2022, July 6). A Brother & Sister’s Journey Through Opioid Addiction. YouTube. https://​youtu​.be/​L​B​C​7​F​f​G​1​h​c​0​?​s​i​=​c​_​v​-​_​4​H​s​n​p​Y​rGSZZ

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SAMHSA. (2018, March 15). Addiction as a Disease — Not a Moral Failure. Video. https://​youtu​.be/​k​G​w​o​-​C​MTcVs

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Ward, E.C., Wiltshire, J.C., Detry, M.A., & Brown, R.L. (2013) African American men and women’s attitude toward mental illness, perceptions of stigma, and preferred coping behaviors. Nurs Res, 62(3), 185 – 194. https://​pubmed​.ncbi​.nlm​.nih​.gov/​2​3​3​2​8705/

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Table: Medication-assisted Treatment Options for Opioid Abuse

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Health Care Resource Centers Clinical Team. (2020, January 22). Methadone vs. Buprenorphine: Similarities and Differences. https://​www​.hcrcenters​.com/​b​l​o​g​/​m​e​t​h​a​d​o​n​e​-​v​s​-​b​u​p​r​e​n​o​r​p​h​i​n​e​-​s​i​m​i​l​a​r​i​t​i​e​s​-​d​i​f​f​e​r​e​n​c​e​s​-hcrc

Hester, Miranda. (2022, December 12). Addressing Barriers to MOUDs Faced by People in Incarceration. American Public Health Association. https://​www​.drugtopics​.com/​v​i​e​w​/​a​d​d​r​e​s​s​i​n​g​-​b​a​r​r​i​e​r​s​-​t​o​-​m​o​u​d​s​-​f​a​c​e​d​-​b​y​-​p​e​o​p​l​e​-​i​n​-​i​n​c​a​r​c​e​r​ation

Kumar, R, Viswanath, O., & Saadabadi, A. (Updated 2024 June 8). Buprenorphine. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan-.  https://​www​.ncbi​.nlm​.nih​.gov/​b​o​o​k​s​/​N​B​K​4​59126.

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North Carolina Medical Board (2023, February 17). Waivers no longer needed to prescribe buprenorphine. https://​www​.ncmedboard​.org/​r​e​s​o​u​r​c​e​s​-​i​n​f​o​r​m​a​t​i​o​n​/​p​r​o​f​e​s​s​i​o​n​a​l​-​r​e​s​o​u​r​c​e​s​/​p​u​b​l​i​c​a​t​i​o​n​s​/​f​o​r​u​m​-​n​e​w​s​l​e​t​t​e​r​/​n​o​t​i​c​e​/​w​a​i​v​e​r​s​-​n​o​-​l​o​n​g​e​r​-​n​e​e​d​e​d​-​t​o​-​p​r​e​s​c​r​i​b​e​-​b​u​p​r​e​n​o​r​phine

Building Community Coalitions

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Centers for Disease Control (CDC) (2025, March). PHAST. Public Health and Safety Team Toolkit. https://​phast​.org/​w​p​-​c​o​n​t​e​n​t​/​u​p​l​o​a​d​s​/​2​0​2​5​/​0​4​/​P​H​A​S​T​-​T​o​o​l​k​i​t​_​F​i​n​a​l​_​5​0​8​-​C​o​m​p​l​i​a​n​c​e​_​0​3​.​0​6​.​2​0​2​5.pdf

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Centers for Disease Control (CDC). (2022, October 25). Community Health Improvement Navigator. https://archive.cdc.gov/#/details?url=https://www.cdc.gov/chinav/index.html

Centers for Disease Control (CDC), (2016, June 24). Veto Violence. Community Health Sim: Welcome to Vetoville. https://​vetoviolence​.cdc​.gov/​a​p​p​s​/​c​o​m​m​u​n​i​t​y​-​h​e​a​l​t​hsim/

Centers for Disease Control (CDC) (2022, July 7). Motivational Interviewing to Help Your Patients Seek Treatment. https://​www​.cdc​.gov/​o​v​e​r​d​o​s​e​-​p​r​e​v​e​n​t​i​o​n​/​m​e​d​i​a​/​p​d​f​s​/​2​0​2​4​/​0​7​/​C​o​n​v​e​r​s​a​t​i​o​n​-​S​t​a​r​t​e​r​-​M​o​t​i​v​a​t​i​o​n​a​l​-​I​n​t​e​r​v​i​e​w​i​n​g.pdf

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KFF. (2009, April 30). Community Care of North Carolina: Putting Health Reform Ideas into Practice on Medicaid. KFF Health Reform. https://​www​.kff​.org/​h​e​a​l​t​h​-​r​e​f​o​r​m​/​i​s​s​u​e​-​b​r​i​e​f​/​c​o​m​m​u​n​i​t​y​-​c​a​r​e​-​o​f​-​n​o​r​t​h​-​c​a​r​o​l​i​n​a​-​p​u​t​t​i​n​g​-​h​e​alth/

Darolia, Rajeev, & Heflin, Colleen. (2022). The Social and Community Consequences of the Opioid Epidemic. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science,  703(1), 7 – 14. Reprinted in https://​econpapers​.repec​.org/​a​r​t​i​c​l​e​/​s​a​e​a​n​n​a​m​e​/​v​_​3​a​7​0​3​_​3​a​y​_​3​a​2​0​2​2​_​3​a​i​_​3​a​1​_​3​a​p​_​3​a​7​-​1​4.htm

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Forbes, Tim. (2022, July 21). 4 Steps to Develop Strong Community Partnerships for Your Nonprofit. Soapbox Engage Blog. https://​www​.soapboxengage​.com/​b​l​o​g​/​2​1​2​2​-​h​o​w​-​t​o​-​d​e​v​e​l​o​p​-​s​t​r​o​n​g​-​c​o​m​m​u​n​i​t​y​-​p​a​r​t​n​e​r​s​h​i​p​s​-​f​o​r​-​y​o​u​r​-​n​o​n​p​rofit

Hogue, T. (1994). Community Based Collaboration: Community Wellness Multiplied. U.S. Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs. https://​www​.ojp​.gov/​n​c​j​r​s​/​v​i​r​t​u​a​l​-​l​i​b​r​a​r​y​/​a​b​s​t​r​a​c​t​s​/​c​o​m​m​u​n​i​t​y​-​b​a​s​e​d​-​c​o​l​l​a​b​o​r​a​t​i​o​n​-​c​o​m​m​u​n​i​t​y​-​w​e​l​l​n​e​s​s​-​m​u​l​t​i​plied

Houry, D. (2022). Collaborative Partnerships Are Key to Address the Overdose Crisis: Public Health and Public Safety. J Public Health Manag Pract. 28(Suppl 6):S273-S274. doi: 10.1097/PHH.0000000000001639

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National Network of Immunization Coalitions. https://​www​.immunizationcoalitions​.org/

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Prevention Institute. https://​www​.preventioninstitute​.org/

Scott, M., & Krinke, C. (2019). A Parent’s Role in Substance Use Prevention: Tips for Talking to Youth of All Ages. North Dakota State University. https://​www​.greatmeadowspublichealth​.org/​s​i​t​e​s​/​g​/​f​i​l​e​s​/​v​y​h​l​i​f​8​4​9​6​/​f​/​p​a​g​e​s​/​g​m​p​h​c​-​b​r​o​c​h​u​r​e​-​h​i​p​s​-​w​e​b​_​0​8​.​1​0​.​2​3.pdf

Stein, M.D., Conti, M.T., e, S., Anderson, B.J., Flori, J.N., Risi, M.M., & Bailey, G.L. (2017, October 1). Adverse childhood experience effects on opioid use initiation, injection drug use, and overdose among persons with opioid use disorder. Drug Alcohol Depend.;179:325 – 329 https://​pubmed​.ncbi​.nlm​.nih​.gov/​2​8​8​4​1495/

Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA). (20201 February. Talking With Your Teen About Opioids: Keeping Your Kids Safe. https://​www​.samhsa​.gov/​s​i​t​e​s​/​d​e​f​a​u​l​t​/​f​i​l​e​s​/​T​T​H​Y​-​O​p​i​o​i​d​-​B​r​o​c​h​-​2​0​2​0.pdf

Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). (2020). Key substance use and mental health indicators in the United States: Results from the 2019 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (HHS Publication No. PEP20-07 – 01 – 001, NSDUH Series H‑55). Rockville, MD: https://​www​.samhsa​.gov/​d​a​t​a​/​s​i​t​e​s​/​d​e​f​a​u​l​t​/​f​i​l​e​s​/​r​e​p​o​r​t​s​/​r​p​t​2​9​3​9​3​/​2​0​1​9​N​S​D​U​H​F​F​R​P​D​F​W​H​T​M​L​/​2​0​1​9​N​S​D​U​H​F​F​R​1​P​D​F​W​0​9​0​1​2​0.pdf

Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). (2020). Talk. They Hear You. Talking with Teens About Alcohol and Other Drugs. 5 Conversation Goals.  https://​www​.samhsa​.gov/​s​i​t​e​s​/​d​e​f​a​u​l​t​/​f​i​l​e​s​/​T​T​H​Y​-​M​i​n​i​-​B​r​o​c​h​-​B​l​e​e​d​-​2​0​2​0.pdf

Swaim, Emily (2022, July 15). Where Opioid Use Disorder Stigma Comes From and How to Prevent It. https://​www​.healthline​.com/​h​e​a​l​t​h​/​s​u​b​s​t​a​n​c​e​-​u​s​e​/​o​p​i​o​i​d​-​u​s​e​-​d​i​s​o​r​d​e​r​-​s​tigma

University of Kansas. Community Toolbox. (2023). https://​ctb​.ku​.edu/en

World Health Organization (WHO). (2020, October 5). Community Engagement: A Health Promotion Guide for Universal Health Coverage in the Hands of the People. https://​www​.who​.int/​p​u​b​l​i​c​a​t​i​o​n​s​/​i​/​i​t​e​m​/​9​7​8​9​2​4​0​0​10529

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Risk & Protective Factors
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