Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs)

Adverse childhood experiences are associated with developing substance use disorders, including an earlier age of initiating opioid use, recent injection drug use, and lifetime overdoses (Stein et al., 2017).

Historical and generational trauma (epigenetic consequences of toxic stress) caused by ACEs can alter our DNA, and we pass the altered DNA on from generation to generation (de Magalhães-Barbosa et al., 2022). Children growing up with toxic stress may have difficulty forming healthy and stable relationships. They may also have unstable work histories as adults and struggle with finances, jobs, and depression throughout life. These effects can also be passed on to their children. Some children may face further exposure to toxic stress from historical and ongoing traumas due to systemic racism or the impacts of poverty resulting from limited educational and economic opportunities (Stevens, 2017).

The CDC suggests we shift the focus from individual responsibility to community solutions. Reduce stigma around seeking help with parenting challenges or substance misuse, depression, or suicidal thoughts. Promote safe, stable, nurturing relationships and environments where children live, learn, and play.