References
Introduction
Centers for Disease Control. (2021, November). U.S. Opioid Dispensing Rate Maps. https://www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/rxrate-maps/index.html
Centers for Disease Control. (2022, July 19). Overdose death rates increased significantly for Black, American Indian/Alaska Native people in 2020. https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2022/s0719-overdose-rates-vs.html
Centers for Disease Control. (2023, May 8). Provisional Data Shows U.S. Drug Overdose Deaths Top 100,000 in 2022. https://blogs.cdc.gov/nchs/2023/05/18/7365/
Dunn, K.E., Bird, H.E., Bergeria, C.L., Ware, O.D., Strain, E.C, & Huhn, A.S. (2023, Apr 20). Operational definition of precipitated opioid withdrawal. Front Psychiatry. 14:1141980. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1141980. PMID: 37151972; PMCID: PMC10162012.
Gramlich, John (2022, Jan. 19). Recent Surge in US Drug Overdose Deaths Has Hit Black Men Hardest. Pew Center. https://pewrsr.ch/3RM7Opd
Harvard‑T. H. Chan School of Public Health. (2023, May 10). Substantial Racial Inequalities despite frequent health care contact found in treatment for opioid use disorder. https://bit.ly/3tiKPd4
Murphy, Greg. (2022, Feb. 15). “Murphy: Fentanyl is killing more young Americans than COVID-19.” https://murphy.house.gov/media/press-releases/murphy-fentanyl-killing-more-young-americans-covid-19
Naegle, M., Finnell, D., Kapla, L., Reuter-Rice, K., Oerther, S., & Van Hook, P. (2020). Opioid Crisis through the Lens of Social Justice. Nursing Outlook. https://www.nursingoutlook.org/article/S0029-6554(20)30637 – 0/fulltext
National Institute of Drug Abuse (NIDA). (2023, June 30). Drug Overdose Death Rates. https://nida.nih.gov/research-topics/trends-statistics/overdose-death-rates
National Institutes of Health (NIH). The Opioid Crises — More than Just Overdose Deaths. https://youtu.be/kOkFoyAfblw
North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services. (2023, June). https://www.ncdhhs.gov/about/department-initiatives/overdose-epidemic/overdose-data
North Carolina Emergency Department (E.D.) Visits for Opioid Overdose: June 2023. https://www.ncdhhs.gov/north-carolina-emergency-department-visits-opioid-overdose-%E2%80%93-monthly-data
Romero R., Friedman J., Goodman-Meza, D., Shover, C.L. (2023, May). U.S. drug overdose mortality rose faster among Hispanics than non-Hispanics from 2010 to 2021. Drug Alcohol Depend. 1;246:109859. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2023.109859. Epub 2023 Mar 29. PMID: 37031488.
Module 1 — Terminology and History
A Brother & Sister’s Journey Through Opioid Addiction. (2022, July 6). PBS. YouTube.
Akpan, Nsikan, & Griffin, Julia. (2017. October 9). How a Brain Gets Hooked on Opioids. PBS. https://www.pbs.org/newshour/science/brain-gets-hooked-opioids and video.
American Addiction Centers Staff (2023, July 10). What is Precipitated Withdrawal? https://americanaddictioncenters.org/suboxone/precipitated-withdrawal
American Society of Addiction Medicine (ASAM). (2021). Definitions. ASAM https://www.asam.org/quality-care/definition-of-addiction/glossary-of-addiction
Asap Science. Your Brain on Fentanyl. Video.
Bergh, M.S., Øiestad, Å.M.L., Baumann, M.H., & Bogen, I.L. (2021, Apr.) Selectivity and sensitivity of urine fentanyl test strips to detect fentanyl analogues in illicit drugs. Int J Drug Policy. 90:103065. doi: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2020.103065. Epub 2020 Dec 14. PMID: 33333419.
Bigg, Matthew. (2007, December 4). Report says U.S. jails more blacks than whites for drugs. https://reut.rs/3GMSfYZ
Brain Reward Pathway. Neuroscience Reward System. YouTube.
Carolina Behavioral Health Pharmacy, Durham office. 4102 Ben Franklin Blvd Durham, NC 27704. 919 – 972-7700
Carson, E. Ann. (2014). Prisoners in 2013. Bureau of Justice Statistics. Prisoners in 2013 | Bureau of Justice Statistics (ojp.gov). https://bjs.ojp.gov/content/pub/pdf/p13.pdf
CBC Radio Canada. (2016). Carfentanil: A Drug more deadly than heroin. Video: https://www.cbc.ca/player/play/833099843540 CBS/Radio-Canada
CBS News Philadelphia. (n.d.). Willow Grove Lab is First in the World to Identify Nitazene Opioid. https://youtu.be/36N1p5kX61M
Centers for Disease Control (CDC). (2022, September 6). Podcast – The Dangers of Fentanyl [MP3 – 12 MB] https://www.cdc.gov/ore/search/pages/CDC-Podcast-The-Dangers-of-Fentanyl_audio.html
Centers for Disease Control (CDC). (2022, Nov. 3). Prescription Drug Monitoring Program. https://www.cdc.gov/opioids/healthcare-professionals/pdmps.html
Centers for Disease Control (CDC). (2023, August 8). Understanding the Opioid Overdose Epidemic. Opioid misuse. https://www.cdc.gov/opioids/basics/epidemic.html
Centers for Disease Control (CDC) (2023, September 6). “Fentanyl Facts.” https://www.cdc.gov/stopoverdose/fentanyl/index.html
Chui, M., & Mott, D. (2022). Enhancing Opioid Stewardship in Rural Wisconsin Health Systems: A Toolkit for Pharmacists. University of Wisconsin – Madison School of Pharmacy Sonderegger Research Center for Improved Medication Outcomes. Madison, WI.
Cohen, A., Vakharia, S.P., Netherland, J., & Frederique, K. (2022, Dec.). How the war on drugs impacts social determinants of health beyond the criminal legal system. Ann Med. 54(1):2024 – 2038. doi: 10.1080/07853890.2022.2100926. PMID: 35852299; PMCID: PMC9302017.
Dowell, D., Ragan, K.R., Jones, C.M., Baldwin, G.T., & Chou, R. CDC Clinical Practice Guidelines for Prescribing Opioids for Pain — United States, 2022. MMWR Recomm Rep 2022;71 (No. RR‑3: 1 – 95. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.rr7103a1.
Drug Enforcement Agency. (n.d.). Fentanyl Fact Sheet. https://www.dea.gov/sites/default/files/2023 – 03/Fentanyl%202022%20Drug%20Fact%20Sheet.pdf
Drug Enforcement Agency. (2022, June 1). New Dangerous Synthetic Opioid in D.C., Emerging in Tri-State Area. https://bit.ly/3GLzXYb
Drug Policy Alliance. (2023). Drug War History. https://drugpolicy.org/drug-war-history/
Drug Policy Alliance. What is the Drug War? With Jay‑Z and Molly Crabapple. Video
Drug Tolerance (3:32). Heinze, Susana. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nznSbVN6Ef8
Ducarme F, Flipo, F., & Couvet, D. (2021, June). How the diversity of human concepts of nature affects conservation of biodiversity. Conserv Biol. 35(3):1019 – 1028. doi: 10.1111/cobi.13639. Epub 2020 Dec 30. PMID: 32996235; PMCID: PMC8247028.
Dunn, K.E., Bird, H.E., Bergeria, C.L., Ware, O.D., Strain, E.C, & Huhn, A.S. (2023, Apr 20). Operational definition of precipitated opioid withdrawal. Front Psychiatry. 14:1141980. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1141980. PMID: 37151972; PMCID: PMC10162012.
Francis, Leigh Ann. (n.d.). Racism in the War on Drugs. Smith College School of Social Work. Video. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lhzyHVeF0Rs
Frontiers in Psychology. Brain pictures. https://www.frontiersin.org/
Gerstein, D.R., & Harwood, H.J., editors. (1992). Treating Drug Problems: Volume 2: Commissioned Papers on Historical, Institutional, and Economic Contexts of Drug Treatment. Washington Institute of Medicine (U.S.), Committee for the Substance Abuse Coverage Study. DC: National Academies Press. A Century of American Narcotic Policy.
Ghandnoosh, Nazgol. (2023, October 11). One in Five: Ending Racial Inequity in Incarceration. Sentencing Project. https://www.sentencingproject.org/reports/one-in-five-ending-racial-inequity-in-incarceration/
Goode, Erich. (2013). Drugs in American Society. 11th Ed. McGraw-Hill.
Harvard. This is What Happens to Your Brain on Opioids. Video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NDVV_M__CSI
Hodge, Jamila, & Dholakia, Nazish. (2021, June 17). Fifty Years Ago Today, President Nixon Declared the War on Drugs. Vera. https://www.vera.org/news/fifty-years-ago-today-president-nixon-declared-the-war-on-drugs
Howard, Jacqueline. (2023, Aug. 29). Emerging Group of Synthetic Opioids May Be More Potent than Fentanyl, Study Warns. CNN Health. https://www.cnn.com/2023/08/29/health/nitazenes-synthetic-opioids-naloxone/index.html
ISI Research and Training Institute. (2023). Strengthening Systems of Care for People. https://ssc.jsi.com
Julson, Erica. (2023, July 10). 10 Best ways to increase dopamine levels naturally. https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/how-to-increase-dopamine
Lipari, Rachel & Hughes, Arthur. (2017, Jan. 12). How People Obtain the Prescription Pain Relievers They Misuse. CBSHQ Report. https://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/report_2686/ShortReport-2686.html
Martin, Eric. (2017, March 1). Hidden Consequences: The Impact of Incarceration on Dependent Children. NIJ Journal. https://nij.ojp.gov/topics/articles/hidden-consequences-impact-incarceration-dependent-children
McPhillips, Deidre. CNN. (2023). Overdose deaths continue to rise in the U.S., reaching another record level, provisional data shows. https://krdo.com/news/2023/09/13/overdose-deaths-continue-to-rise-in-the-us-reaching-another-record-level-provisional-data-shows/
More Powerful NC. (2023). Take Back Your Drugs. https://www.morepowerfulnc.org/get-involved/pill-disposal/
National Institute of Drug Abuse (NIDA). (n.d.). Video. Mind Matters: What Are Opioids? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ks5wG1UbUMY
National Institute of Drug Abuse (NIDA). (2003, April-June). Clinical Opiate Withdrawal Scale. /https://nida.nih.gov/sites/default/files/ClinicalOpiateWithdrawalScale.pdf
National Institute of Drug Abuse (NIDA). (2021, June 1). Prescription Opioids Drug Facts. https://nida.nih.gov/publications/drugfacts/prescription-opioids
National Institutes of Health. What Are Opioids? Video.
National Safety Council. The Effects of Opioids on the Brain. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PhnPS1hKf_8
Nellis, Ashley. (2021, October 13). The Color of Justice: Racial and Ethnic Disparity in State Prisons. The Sentencing Project. https://www.sentencingproject.org/reports/the-color-of-justice-racial-and-ethnic-disparity-in-state-prisons-the-sentencing-project/
Netherland, Julia, & Hansen, Helena. (2017, June 28). White Opioids: Pharmaceutical race and the war on drugs that wasn’t, BioSocieties, 12, 217 – 28. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1057/biosoc.2015.46
North Carolina Health Department. https://www.morepowerfulnc.org/get-involved/pill-disposal/
Opioids: How They Affect Your Brain & Signs of Withdrawal (2021). YouTube (3:04). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XTQc_vkncYg
Opioids Mechanism of Action, Addiction, Dependence and Tolerance. (2017). YouTube. Allia Medical Media. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=29Z0qLB8sEc
Opioid Withdrawal Symptoms (3:18) (2020, January 7). YouTube. Psych Hub. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2M6jkWutyh0
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. (n.d.). Fentanyl Analogs. https://www.pnnl.gov/explainer-articles/fentanyl-analogs
Pascual, Ignacio Diaz. 2021. America’s War on Drugs — 50 Years Later. Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights. https://civilrights.org/blog/americas-war-on-drugs-50-years-later/
Payette, Glenn. (2017, Aug. 31). Fentanyl: Here’s How It Kills You. https//www.cbc and video How Fentanyl Kills. Video. https://bit.ly/4aAl0WK
PBS Frontline. (1998). Opium Throughout History. https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/heroin/etc/history.html
PBS Newshour. Video. Why the Human Brain Loves Opioids. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fVdX1B89QOA
Pergolizzi, J. Jr, Raffa, R., LeQuang, J.A.K., Breve, F., & Varrassi, G., Old Drugs and New Challenges: A Narrative Review of Nitazenes. (2023 Ju 21). Cureus. 21;15(6):e40736. doi: 10.7759/cureus.40736. PMID: 37485167; PMCID: PMC10361140.
Perry, Mark. (2018). The Shocking Story Behind Richard Nixon’s War on Drugs that Targeted Blacks and Anti-war activists. American Enterprise Institute. https://www.aei.org/carpe-diem/the-shocking-and-sickening-story-behind-nixons-war-on-drugs-that-targeted-blacks-and-anti-war-activists/
Prince suddenly dies at Paisley Park from fentanyl overdose: 20/20 Part 2. ABC News. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aOqY28Q10dM
Radar, David. (2023, April 13). The Opioid Epidemic and Mental Health: Understanding the Link and Finding Hope. Psychreg. https://www.psychreg.org/opioid-epidemic-mental-health-understanding-link-finding-hope/
Sanders, Laura. (n.d.). “Opioids Kill: Here’s how an overdose shuts down your body.” Science News. https://sciencenews.org/article/opioid-crisis-overdose-death
Science of opioid withdrawal. The. YouTube. Stat. (2016, May 27). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CduCr-kJXtk
Schlosser, Eric. (1994, August). Reefer Madness. Atlantic. https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1994/08/reefer-madness/303476/
Shah, M., & Huecker, M.R. (Updated 2023, Jul 21). Opioid Withdrawal. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (F.L.): StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK526012/
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) (2020). Results from the 2020 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/reports/rpt35325/2020NSDUHFFRSlides090821.pdf
Strengthening Systems of Care for People with HIV and Opioid Use Disorder. (n.d.). https://ssc.jsi.com/resources
This is what Happens to Your Brain on Opioids. Susan’s Brain: The Science of Addiction. www.youtube.com/watch?b=NDV_M_CSI
2‑Minute Neuroscience: Reward System. Neuroscientifically Challenged. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f7EOmTJQ2KM
U.S. Sentencing Commission. (1991, August). Mandatory Minimum Penalties in the Federal Criminal Justice System. https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/Digitization/137910NCJRS.pdf
Module 2 — Building Community Coalitions
ACT-TV. Systemic Racism. https://youtu.be/YrHIQIO_bdQ?si=28oBY8ONnpsvnU2i
Center for Parent and Teen Communication. Seven C’s of Resilience –Parent and Teen. YouTube (2018, August 28). https://www.youtube.com/c/ParentandTeen
Centers for Disease Control (CDC) (n.d.). Take Action to Prevent Addiction Fact Sheet. https://www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/pdf/Prevent-Addiction-Fact-Sheet.pdf
Centers for Disease Control (CDC) (n.d.). PHAST. Public Health and Safety Toolkit. www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/pdf/phast-toolkit-508.pdf
Centers for Disease Control (CDC). (n.d.). We Can Prevent ACEs. https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/aces/index.html
Centers for Disease Control (CDC). (n.d.). Community Health Improvement Navigator. https://www.cdc.gov/chinav/index.html
Centers for Disease Control (CDC), (2016, June 24). Veto Violence. Community Health Sim, Welcome to Vetoville. https://vetoviolence.cdc.gov/apps/community-healthsim/
Centers for Disease Control (CDC) (2022, July 7). Motivational Interviewing to Help Your Patients Seek Treatment. https://bit.ly/3TmIoAO
Centers for Disease Control (CDC). (2023, Oct. 17). Drug Free Communities Coalitions. https://www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/drug-free-communities/coalitions.html
Centers for Disease Control (CDC). (2023, Oct. 18). Making the Case for Collaborative CHI/CHINAV Navigator. https://www.cdc.gov/chinav/case/index.html
CINC. Community Impact North Carolina. (n.d.). https://impactcarolina.org/youth-impact-nc/
Community Care of North Carolina: Putting Health Reform Ideas into Practice on Medicaid. (2009, April 30). KFF Health Reform. https://www.kff.org/health-reform/issue-brief/community-care-of-north-carolina-putting-health/
Darolia, Rajeev, & Heflin, Colleen. (2022). The Social and Community Consequences of the Opioid Epidemic. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, vol. 703, issue 1, 7 – 14. Reprinted in https://econpapers.repec.org/article/saeanname/v_3a703_3ay_3a2022_3ai_3a1_3ap_3a7-14.htm
Dennis, M., & Scott, C. K. (2007, Dec.). Opioid addiction as chronic illness. Managing addiction as a chronic condition. Addict Sci Clin Pract;4(1):45 – 55. doi: 10.1151/ascp074145. PMID: 18292710; PMCID: PMC2797101.
8 Schools stockpile medication to combat rise in overdoses. (2022, Dec 6). PBS. https://www.pbs.org/newshour/show/schools-stockpile-medication-to-combat-rise-in-fentanyl-overdoses
Forbes, Tim. (2022, July 21). 4 Steps to Develop Strong Community Partnerships for Your Nonprofit. https://bit.ly/3NvK6Mr
Hogue, T. (1994). Community-Based Collaboration. Community Wellness Multiplied. Office of Justice Programs. https://www.ojp.gov/ncjrs/virtual-library/abstracts/community-based-collaboration-community-wellness-multiplied
Houry, D. (2022, Nov.-Dec.) Collaborative Partnerships Are Key to Address the Overdose Crisis: Public Health and Public Safety. J Public Health Manag Pract. 28(Suppl 6):S273-S274. doi: 10.1097/PHH.0000000000001639. PMID: 36194792; PMCID: PMC9531973.
National Center on Substance Abuse and Child Welfare (2021). YouTube. Addressing Stigma in Healthcare. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hzYl-LsqHN4
National Institutes of Health (NIH). (2023, May 19). Your Healthiest Wellness Toolkits (NIH). https://www.nih.gov/health-information/your-healthiest-self-wellness-toolkits
National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). (2019, March). Teen Brain Development video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EpfnDijz2d8
National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). (2022, Dec.). How to Engage in Self-Care. https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/caring-for-your-mental-health
National Network of Immunization Coalitions. https://www.immunizationcoalitions.org/
National Traumatic Stress Network. (2018, April 5). We can prevent ACEs. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8gm-lNpzU4g
North Carolina Preventing Underage Drinking Initiative. https://www.ncpudi.org/about
Prevention Institute. https://www.preventioninstitute.org/
Scott, M. & Krinke, C. (2019). A Parent’s Role in Substance Use Prevention: Tips for Talking to Youth of All Ages. North Dakota State University. https://bit.ly/41yqkpl
Stein, M.D., Conti, M.T., e, S., Anderson, B.J., Flori, J.N., Risi, M.M., & Bailey, G.L. (2017 Oct 1). Adverse childhood experience effects on opioid use initiation, injection drug use, and overdose among persons with opioid use disorder. Drug Alcohol Depend.;179:325 – 329. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.07.007. Epub 2017 Aug 5. PMID: 28841495; PMCID: PMC5599365.
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA). (2020). Talk with Your Teen about Opioids https://www.samhsa.gov/sites/default/files/TTHY-Opioid-Broch-2020.pdf
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). (2020). Key substance use and mental health indicators in the United States: Results from the 2019 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (HHS Publication No. PEP20-07 – 01-001, NSDUH Series H‑55). Rockville, MD: Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. https://www.samhsa.gov/data/
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). (2020). Talking with Your Teen about Alcohol and Other Drugs. https://www.samhsa.gov/sites/default/files/TTHY-Mini-Broch-Bleed-2020.pdf
Swaim, Emily (2022, July 15). Where Opioid Use Disorder Stigma Comes From and How to Prevent It. https://www.healthline.com/health/substance-use/opioid-use-disorder-stigma
University of Kansas. Community Toolbox. (2023). https://ctb.ku.edu/en
Module 3 — Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs)
Abrams, Zara. (2022, August 25 updated). What neuroscience tells us about the teenage brain. American Psychological Association. Vol. 35, No. 5. https://www.apa.org/monitor/2022/07/feature-neuroscience-teen-brain
ACEs Aware. (2018). Parenting with ACEs. https://www.acesaware.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/10-Parenting-with-ACEs-English.pdf
ACEs Screening FAQ https://youtu.be/SMZEsQgZ1Ew
ACEs Screening and Trauma https://aapca3.org/aces-educational-videos/?playlist=ea62637&video=ecfe98f
ACEs Too High. Test. https://acestoohigh.com/got-your-ACE-score
ACES Virtual Office Hours Highlight Tension (2021, Feb. 4). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wD5ZCe2scAY
Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs). J Child Adolesc Trauma. 12(2):165 – 173. doi:10.1007/s40653-018‑0217‑9. PMID: 32318189; PMCID: PMC7163854.
Amaze.org How to Handle Peer Pressure (Martin Flounder Figures it Out). Video. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a6_8zBcm7xk
American Academy of Family Physicians. (n.d.) Adverse Childhood Experiences. https://www.aafp.org/about/policies/all/adverse-childhood-experiences.html#:~:text=ACEs%20incorporate%20a%20variety%20of,sudden%20and%20frequent%20relocation%2C%20serious
American Addiction Centers. (2021). 15 Ways a Teen Can Say No to Alcohol and Drugs. https://treatmentsolutions.com/blog/15-ways-a-teen-can-say-no-to-alcohol-and-drugs/
American SPCC (Society for the Positive Care of Children). (n.d.). Take the ACEs Quiz. https://americanspcc.org/take-the-aces-quiz/
Baby Brain. First Things First. Video.
Bethell, C., Jones, J., Gombojav, N., Linkenbach, J., & Sege, R. (2019). Positive Childhood Experiences and Adult Mental and Relational Health in a Statewide Sample: Associations Across Adverse Childhood Experiences Levels. JAMA pediatrics, 173(11), e193007. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2019.3007; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6735495/
Biology of Toxic Stress. The. https://aapca3.org/aces-educational-videos/?playlist=ea62637&video=2ced057
Blavity. (2023, May 31). Breaking the Stigma: Why Black Health Matters. https://blavityinc.com/why-black-mental-health-matters/
Boyle, Matt. (2020, January 20) Raising Awareness of ACEs. PACEs Connection. https://www.pacesconnection.com/blog/raising-awareness-about-aces
Brown, Waln. (2011, March 21). Drugs and Peer Pressure: Drug Abuse Briefs for Kids and Teens. William Gladden Foundation Press.
California Surgeon General. Understanding ACES. Video.
Center on Developing Child at Harvard. (n.d.). Toxic Stress Derails Healthy Development. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rVwFkcOZHJw
Center on Developing Child at Harvard (n.d.). The Brain Architects Podcast: Place Matters. https://developingchild.harvard.edu/resources/the-brain-architects-podcast-place-matters/
Centers for Disease Control (CDC). (2019, Nov.). Adverse Childhood Experiences. Preventing early trauma to improve adult health. https://bit.ly/40KQHb5
Centers for Disease Control (CDC). (2020, September). Adverse Childhood Experiences Prevention Strategy FY20210FY2024. https://www.cdc.gov/injury/pdfs/priority/ACEs-Strategic-Plan_Final_508.pdf
Centers for Disease Control (CDC). (2020, September 20). Sleep in Middle and High School Students. https://www.cdc.gov/healthyschools/features/students-sleep.htm
Centers For Disease Control (CDC). (2021, April 2). Adverse Childhood Experiences. https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/aces/index.html
Centers For Disease Control (CDC). (2021, September 28). Violence Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/index.html
Centers For Disease Control (CDC). (2022, April 6). Child Abuse and Neglect: Risk and Protective Factors. https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/childabuseandneglect/riskprotectivefactors.html
Centers for Disease Control (CDC). (2022, September 19). Are you getting enough sleep? https://bit.ly/3NdtjgZ
Centers for Disease Control (CDC). (2023, June 29) Risk and Protective Factors. https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/aces/riskprotectivefactors.html
Centers For Disease Control (CDC). (2023, June 29). Fast Facts: Preventing Adverse Childhood Experiences. https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/aces/fastfact.html
Centers For Disease Control (CDC). (2023, June 29). Technical Packages to Prevent Violence. Preventing Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs): https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/aces/index.html
Centers for Disease Control (CDC). (2023, September 15). VetoViolence. https://vetoviolence.cdc.gov/apps/main/home
Centers for Disease Control (CDC). (2023, October 26). Injury Prevention and Control. https://www.cdc.gov/injury/index.html
Compton, W.M., Jones, C.M., Baldwin, G.T., Harding, F.M., Blanco, C., & Wargo, E.M. (2019, Jun). Targeting Youth to Prevent Later Substance Use Disorder: An Underutilized Response to the US Opioid Crisis. Am J Public Health;109(S3): S185-S189. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2019.305020. PMID: 31242006; PMCID: PMC6595524.
Crandall, A., Miller, J. R., Cheung, A., Novilla, L. K., Glade, R., Novilla, M. L. B., Magnusson, B. M., Leavitt, B. L., Barnes, M. D., & Hanson, C. L. (2019). ACEs and counter-ACEs: How positive and negative childhood experiences influence adult health. Child abuse & neglect, 96, 104089. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.104089
Crouch, E., Radcliff, E., Strompolis, M., & Srivastav, A. (2018 May 25). A. Safe, Stable, and Nurtured: Protective Factors against Poor Physical and Mental Health Outcomes Following Exposure to Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs). J Child Adolesc Trauma. 12(2):165 – 173. doi: 10.1007/s40653-018‑0217‑9. PMID: 32318189; PMCID: PMC7163854.
Cultivating Health. How Blue Light Affects Your Eyes., Sleep & Health. University of California-Davis. https://health.ucdavis.edu/blog/cultivating-health/blue-light-effects-on-your-eyes-sleep-and-health/2022/08
de Magalhães-Barbosa, MC, Prata-Barbosa, A, & da Cunha, A. (2022 Mar-Apr). Toxic stress, epigenetics and child development. J Pediatr (Rio J). 98 AJLA Suppl 1(Suppl 1): S13-S18. doi: 10.1016/j.jped.2021.09.007. Epub 2021 Nov 16. PMID: 34793740; PMCID: PMC9510910.
Drug Enforcement Agency. (2020, November). One Pill Can Kill. www.dea.gov/onepill
Durham County Community Health Assessment. 2020. https://schs.dph.ncdhhs.gov/units/ldas/cha2020/2020-DURHAM-CHA.pdf
Durham County Public Health. (n.d.). Community Linkages to Care (CLC). Peer Support Program. https://www.dcopublichealth.org/services/health-education/opioid-substance-use-and-addiction-services/community-linkages-to-care-clc-peer-support-program
Erikson, E. H.(ed.). (1963). Youth Change and Challenge. Basic Books.
Finkel, Ed. (2015, February 23). In Safe Babies Courts, 99% of Kids Don’t Suffer More Abuse. ACES Too High. https://acestoohigh.com/2015/02/23/in-safe-babies-courts-99-of-kids-dont-suffer-more-abuse-but-less-than-1-of-u-s-family-courts-are-safe-babies-courts/
First Things First. (n.d.). Brain Development. https://www.firstthingsfirst.org/early-childhood-matters/brain-development
Foundation for Enhancing Communities. The Truth about ACEs Infographic. https://www.tfec.org/wp-content/uploads/The-Truth-About-ACES-Infographic.pdf
Garey, Juliann. (2023, November 6). Teens and Sleep: The Cost of Sleep Deprivation. Child Mind Institute. https://childmind.org/article/happens-teenagers-dont-get-enough-sleep/
Gordon, Sherri. (2021, June 3). How People Pleasing Contributes to Bullying and How to Stop It. Verywellfamily. https://www.verywellfamily.com/people-pleasing-contributes-bullying-460646
Grummitt, L., Barrett, E., Kelly, E., & Newton, N. (2022 Nov 15). An Umbrella Review of the Links Between Adverse Childhood Experiences and Substance Misuse: What, Why, and Where Do We Go from Here? Subst Abuse Rehabil. 13:83 – 100. doi: 10.2147/SAR.S341818. PMID: 36411791; P;l0MCID: PMC9675346.
Harris, D., & Burke, Nadine. Understanding ACES. VIDEO.
Harvard Health. (2011, March 7). The Adolescent Brain: Beyond Raging Hormones. https://www.health.harvard.edu/mind-and-mood/the-adolescent-brain-beyond-raging-hormones
Healing Soul. Beautiful, Relaxing Music. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RmrVwqbYbFU
Honu Intervention (n.d.). https://www.honuintervention.com/
HOPE (Healthy Outcomes from Positive Experiences). Four Ways to Assess Positive Childhood Experiences. (2021, November 21). Hope, Tufts Medical Center. https://positiveexperience.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/Four-Ways-to-Access-Positive-Childhood-Experiences.pdf
Iannelli, Vincent. (2022, June 23). How Kids Make and Keep Friends. Very Well Family. https://www.verywellfamily.com/making-and-keeping-friends-2633627
Iowa ACEs 360. (n.d.). What Contributes to ACEs? https://www.iowaaces360.org/what-contributes-to-aces.html
Jordan, Chloe J., & Andersen, Susan L. (2017, June). “Sensitive Periods of Substance Abuse: Early Risk for the Transition to Dependence.” Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience 25: 29 – 44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcn.2016.10.004.
Kapke, T.L., Karst, J., LiaBraaten, B., Zhang, J., Yan, K., Barbeau, J., & Hainsworth, K.R. (2023, Feb. 15). Family Caregiver Acceptability of Assessing Caregiver Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs)and Distress in Pediatric Specialty Care. Children (Basel). 10(2):382. doi:10.3390/children10020382. PMID: 36832511; PMCID: PMC9954957
Lifetime Childhood Trauma Effects. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=95ovIJ3dsNk
Liu, Q., Jiang, M., Li, S., & Yang, Y. (2021, Jan. 29). Social support, resilience, and self-esteem protect against common mental health problems in early adolescence: A nonrecursive analysis from a two-year longitudinal study. Medicine (Baltimore);100(4):e24334. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000024334. PMID: 33530225; PMCID: PMC7850671.
Luby, J.L., Tillman, R., & Barch, D. M. (2019). Association of Timing of Adverse Childhood Experiences and Caregiver Support With Regionally Specific Brain Development in Adolescents. JAMA Netw Open. 2(9):e1911426. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.11426
Lumen Lifespan Development. (n.d.). Brain Development During Adolescence. https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wm-lifespandevelopment/chapter/brain-development-during-adolescence/
Macnow, Alexander Stone, ed. (2014). MCAT Behavioral Science Review. New York City: Kaplan Publishing
Mental Health America. (n.d.). Black and African American Communities and Mental Health. https://www.mhanational.org/issues/black-and-african-american-communities-and-mental-health
Merrick M.T., Ford, D.C., Ports, K.A., & Guinn, A.S. (2018 Nov 1). Prevalence of Adverse Childhood Experiences From the 2011 – 2014 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System in 23 States. JAMA Pediatr.;172(11):1038 – 1044. doi: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2018.2537. Erratum in: JAMA Pediatr.172(11):1104. PMID: 30242348; PMCID: PMC6248156.
Morgan, C.A., Chang, Y.H., Choy, O., Tsai, M.C., & Hsieh, S. Adverse Childhood Experiences Are Associated with Reduced Psychological Resilience in Youth: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Children (Basel). 2021 Dec 31;9(1):27. doi: 10.3390/children9010027. PMID: 35053652; PMCID: PMC8773896.
Morin, Amy. (2022a, June 16). How to Teach Your Child to Be a Good Friend. Verywell Family. https://www.verywellfamily.com/how-to-teach-your-child-to-be-a-good-friend-4007427
Morin, Amy. (2022b, June 29). How to Tell if Your Teenager Has been Drinking Alcohol. Verywell Family. https://www.verywellfamily.com/has-my-teenager-been-drinking-alcohol-2609067
Morin, Amy. (2022, September 10) Peer Pressure: How Peers Influence Your Child. Verywell Family. https://www.verywellfamily.com/negative-and-positive-peer-pressure-differences-2606643
Maucione, Scott. (2023, December 4). Muppets from Sesame Workshop Help Explain Opioid Addiction to Young Children. https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2023/12/04/1214522069/muppets-from-sesame-workshop-help-explain-opioid-addiction-to-young-children
National Child Traumatic Stress Network. (n.d.). National Substance Abuse Prevention Month. https://www.nctsn.org/resources/public-awareness/national-substance-abuse-prevention-month.
National Collaborative for Health Equity. (2021). DeBeaumont. Racial Healing and Relationship Building Policy and Practice Brief. https://apha.org/-/media/Files/PDF/topics/equity/Healing_Through_Policy_Relationship_Building.ashx
National Institute for the Clinical Application of Behavioral Medicine (NICABM). (n.d.). How a Caregiver’s Trauma Can Impact a Child’s Development. https://www.nicabm.com/how-a-caregivers-trauma-can-impact-a-childs-development-infographic/
National Institutes of Health. (2021, August 21). Social Wellness Toolkit. https://www.nih.gov/health-information/social-wellness-toolkit
National Institutes of Health. (2022, August 8). Emotional Wellness Toolkit. https://www.nih.gov/health-information/emotional-wellness-toolkit
National Institutes of Health. (2022, August 12). Environmental Wellness Toolkit. https://www.nih.gov/health-information/environmental-wellness-toolkit
National Institutes of Health. (2023). The Teen Brain: 7 Things to Know. NIH Publication 23-MH-807. https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/the-teen-brain-7-things-to-know
National Institutes of Health. (2023, August 12). Physical Wellness Toolkit. https://www.nih.gov/health-information/physical-wellness-toolkit
National Institutes of Health. (2023, November 3). Disease Prevention Toolkit. https://www.nih.gov/health-information/disease-prevention-toolkit
National Institute of Mental Health. (n.d.). Tips for Talking with a Health Care Provider about your Mental Health. https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/tips-for-talking-with-your-health-care-provider
National Institute of Mental Health. (2022, Dec.). Caring for Your Mental Health. https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/caring-for-your-mental-health
NBC. (n.d.). How Drug Dealers Are Decoding the Dark Side of Media. https://youtu.be/iK8fcTPM46U
Nemours. (n.d.) Peer Pressure. Nemours Teen Health. https://kidshealth.org/en/teens/peer-pressure.html
Nitka, Danit. (2017, May 16). The Importance of Setting Boundaries. Connected. https://connectepsychology.com/en/2017/05/16/the-importance-of-setting-boundaries/
North Carolina Harm Reduction Coalition. (n.d.). https://www.nchrc.org
PACEs Science 101. (n.d.). https://www.pacesconnection.com/blog/aces-101-faqs
Pacheo, Danielle, & Truong, Kimberly. (2023, June 2). How Electronics Affect Sleep. Sleep Foundation. https://www.sleepfoundation.org/how-sleep-works/how-electronics-affect-sleep
Partnership to End Addiction. (2023, April). Teen Brain Development, Teen Behavior, and Preventing Drug Abuse. https://drugfree.org/article/teen-brain-development/
Pattemore, Chantelle. (2021, June 3). 10 Ways to Build and Preserve Better Boundaries. PsychCentral. https://psychcentral.com/lib/10-way-to-build-and-preserve-better-boundaries
Public Schools First NC. (2020, April 1). ACEs and Resilience: What Can We Do? https://publicschoolsfirstnc.org/resources/fact-sheets/aces-and-resilience-what-can-we-do/
ReachOut Australia. (2023). Things to Try: Peer Pressure. https://parents.au.reachout.com/common-concerns/everyday-issues/things-to-try-peer-pressure
Resilience – The Biology of Stress & The Science of Hope. (2016). Trailer. Video. https://kpjrfilms.co/resilience/
Rosen, I.M., Aurora, R.N., Kirsch, D.B., Carden, K.A., Malhotra, R.K., Ramar, K., Abbasi-Feinberg, F., Kristo, D.A., Martin, J.L., Olson, E.J., Rosen, C.L., Rowley, J.A., & Shelgikar, A.V. (2019, Nov 15). American Academy of Sleep Medicine Board of Directors. Chronic Opioid Therapy and Sleep: An American Academy of Sleep Medicine Position Statement. J Clin SleepMed.;15(11):1671 – 1673. doi: 10.5664/jcsm.8062. PMID: 31739858; PMCID: PMC6853382.
Rosenberg, Linda. (2011, August 27). Addressing Trauma in Mental Health and Substance Abuse Treatment. Journal of Health Services & Research. 38, 428 – 431. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11414-011‑9256‑9
Sacks, Vanessa, & Murphey, David. (2018, Feb. 12). The Prevalence of Adverse Childhood Experiences nationally, by State and by Race or Ethnicity. Child Welfare. https://www.childtrends.org/publications/prevalence-adverse-childhood-experiences-nationally-state-race-ethnicity
SafeKids North Carolina. (2023). https://www.safekids.org/coalition/safe-kids-north-carolina
SAMHSA. (2020) The Opioid Crises and the Hispanic Latino Population: An Urgent Issue. https://bit.ly/3v9oeQM
SAPREA (Sexual Abuse Healing and Prevention Resources). (2023). Teaching Your Kids to Say “No.” https://tinyurl.com/cfeyfz8u
Scott, M., & Krinke, C. (2019). A Parents Role in Substance Use Prevention: Tips for Talking to Youth of all Ages. North Dakota State University. http://tinyurl. /yv95ptwm
Sky News. Drug Dealers Moving from Street Corner to Social Media. https://youtu.be/ESG_nGs7obc
Snyder, Kristy. (2022, Sept. 7). 5 Ways to Avoid Peer Pressure and Say No When Offered Drugs in Recovery. American Addiction Centers. https://americanaddictioncenters.org/blog/peer-pressure-drugs
SomeThingElse YT Peer Pressure. Video (2017, February 9). https://goo.by/rllkTD
Stein, M. D., Conti, M. T., Kenney, S., Anderson, B.J., Flori, J. N., Risi, M. M., &. Bailey, G.L. (2017. July). Adverse childhood experience effects on opioid use initiation, injection drug use, and overdose among persons with opioid use disorder. Drug and alcohol dependence, 179, 325 – 329. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.07.007
Stevens, J. (2017, October 17). What ACES and PACEs do you have? 2022. PACES Connection. https://www.pacesconnection.com/blog/got-your-ace-resilience-scores
Stop Abuse Campaign. (n.d.). What Does Your ACE Score Mean? https://stopabusecampaign.org/take-your-ace/what-does-your-ace-score-mean/
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). (n.d ). Strategic Prevention Technical Assistance Center. Adverse Childhood Experiences and Role of Substance Misuse Prevention. https://www.samhsa.gov/sites/default/files/sptac-ace-role-of-substance-misuse-prevention.pdf
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). (2014, July). Trauma and Justice Strategic Initiative. SAMHSA’s Concept of Trauma and Guidance for a Trauma-Informed Approach. https://ncsacw.acf.hhs.gov/userfiles/files/SAMHSA_Trauma.pdf
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). (2014, July 17). Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality. The TEDS Report: Age of Substance Use Initiation among Treatment Admissions Aged 18 to 30. https://bit.ly/3RrvPS3
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). (2020, April 29). Reducing Toxic Stress in Childhood. https://www.samhsa.gov/homelessness-programs-resources/hpr-resources/reducing-toxic-stress-childhood
Survival Strategies while Using Drugs Alone from People Who Use Drugs. /www.vitalstrategies.org/wp-content/uploads/PWUD-ServiceProvider-Guide-07142021.pdf
Swain Academy on Violence and Abuse. (2013. April 26). The CDC’s ACE Study summarized in a 14-minute video from « ACEs Too High
Sybertz, Alyssa (2022, Dec. 2). How to Save Money with a Family. VerywellFamily. https://www.verywellfamily.com/how-to-save-money-with-a-family-5213249
Talk it Out NC. (2023). Stop Underage & Teen Drinking. www.talkitoutnc.org
TRY (Together for Resilient Youth). (n.d.). https://try4resilience.org/
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (n.d.). Protective Factors and Adverse Childhood Experiences. https://cwig-prod.icfwebservices.com/topics/preventing/preventionmonth/about/protective-factors-aces/
Using the Hope Framework in Care Planning https://aapca3.org/aces-educational-videos/?playlist=ea62637&video=7ee4346
VAWnet. (n.d.). Head Start: Trauma Smart: Creating Trauma Informed Head Start Communities. National Resource Center on Domestic Violence. https://vawnet.org/material/head-start-trauma-smart-creating-trauma-informed-head-start-communities
Verywell Family. (n.d.). Bullying. https://www.verywellfamily.com/bullying-overview-4581824
Whitaker, R. C., Dearth-Wesley, T., & Herman, A. N. (2021). Childhood Family Connection and Adult Flourishing: Associations Across Levels of Childhood Adversity. Academic Pediatrics, 21(8), 1380 – 1387. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acap.2021.03.002
Wiginton, Keri. (2022, March 7). Connection Between Sleep and Substance Misuse. WebMD. https://www.webmd.com/mental-health/addiction/sleep-substance-abuse
Wiginton, Keri. (2022, Sept. 27). The Types of Devices that Emit Blue Light. WebMD. https://www.webmd.com/eye-health/ss/slideshow-blue-light-devices
Yamaoka, Y., & Bard, D. E. (2019). Positive Parenting Matters in the Face of Early Adversity. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 56(4), 530 – 539. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2018.11.018
Module 4 — Preventing Opioid Deaths — Availability and Use of Naloxone
Addiction Center. (2023, October 26). Speedball. https://www.addictioncenter.com/drugs/heroin/speedball/
Alcohol Rehab Guide. (2023, May). Recognizing a Drug and Alcohol Problem. https://www.alcoholrehabguide.org/alcohol/drinking-drugs/
American Psychiatric Association. (2022). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), 5TR text revision. American Psychiatric Association.
American Society of Anesthesiologists. (2023). Opioid Abuse and Treatment. https://www.asahq.org/madeforthismoment/pain-management/opioid-treatment/opioid-abuse/
Boulder County Government. (2023). Overdose Prevention and Response. https://bouldercounty.gov/families/disease/overdose-prevention-and-response/
Canadian Association of People Who Use Drugs. (2021). How to Spot Someone So They Never Use Alone. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCERIuBwjN5yjmQ9c5-ztyLg
Carpenter, D., Marley, G.T., & Ostrach, B. (2023, January) “North Carolina Pharmacists’ Willingness to Sell Fentanyl Test Strips: A Survey Study.” Harm Reduction Journal. https://harmreductionjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12954-023 – 00739‑4
Centers for Disease Control (CDC). (n.d.). Video. Help Keep Yourself and Others Safe from Overdose. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R‑ChCR1v9Kk.;/,l
Centers for Disease Control (CDC). (n.d.). Preventing an Opioid Overdose: Know the Signs. Save a Life. Preventing An Opioid Overdose. https://www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/pdf/patients/preventing-an-opioid-overdose-tip-card‑a.pdf
Centers for Disease Control and National Center for Injury Prevention. (2020, July 10). Save a Life from Prescription Opioid Overdose. https://www.cdc.gov/rxawareness/prevent/index.html
Centers for Disease Control. (2021, September 9). Recovery is Possible: Treatment for Opioid Addiction. https://www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/featured-topics/treatment-recovery.html
Centers for Disease Control. (2021, October 22) Protect Friends and Family with Lifesaving Naloxone. 60-second video. https://www.cdc.gov/stopoverdose/naloxone/index.html
Centers for Disease Control. (CDC). (2022, August). Check Your Drinking. Text and Video. https://www.cdc.gov/alcohol/CheckYourDrinking/
Centers for Disease Control. (CDC). (2022, September 15). Now is the Time to Stop Overdose. https://www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/featured-topics/overdose-prevention-campaigns.html
Centers for Disease Control. (CDC). (2023, April 21) Life-Saving Naloxone. Text and Video. https://www.cdc.gov/stopoverdose/naloxone/
Centers for Disease Control. (CDC). (2023, May 8). Understanding Drug Overdoses and Deaths. https://www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/epidemic/index.html
Cieri-Hutcherson, Nicole E. (2022, November 8). Why You Shouldn’t Mix Opioids and Alcohol. GoodRx Health. https://www.goodrx.com/well-being/substance-use/opiates-and-alcohol
Geng, Caitlin. (2022, Dec 7). What to know about alcohol and opioids. Medical News Today. Alcohol and opioid use: Risks, side effects, and more https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/alcohol-and-opioid-use https://www.medical
Gersham, J. (2023, September). Opvee vs. Narcan: 6 Similarities and Differences Between These Opioid Reversal Medications. GoodRx Health. https://www.goodrx.com/classes/opioids/nalmefene-vs-naloxone
Healing Soul. Beautiful Relaxing Music. Stop Overthinking, Stress Relief Music. Sleep Music, Calming Music. YouTube. https://youtu.be/W7uvmfKaF0A
Kounang, N., Christensen, J., & McPhillips, D. (2023, March 29). FDA approves first over-the-counter version of opioid overdose antidote Narcan. CNN. https://www.cnn.com/2023/03/29/health/fda-narcan-otc-naloxone
Krawczyk, N., Allen, S.T., Schneider, K.E. et al. (2022). Intersecting substance use treatment and harm reduction services: exploring the characteristics and service needs of a community-based sample of people who use drugs. Harm Reduct J 19, 95. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12954-022 – 00676‑8
Marley, G.T., Ostrach, B., & Carpenter, D. (2023, January). North Carolina pharmacists’ willingness to sell fentanyl test strips: a survey study. Harm Reduction Journal. https://harmreductionjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12954-023 – 00739‑4
Massachusetts government. (2023). Opioid Overdose Risk Factors. https://www.mass.gov/info-details/opioid-overdose-risk-factors
More Powerful North Carolina. (n.d.). The Good Samaritan Law. https://www.morepowerfulnc.org/get-involved/good-samaritan-law/
Murez, Cara, (2023, October 31). White House Urges Schools to Carry Naloxone, the Opioid Overdose Treatment. MedicineNet. https://www.medicinenet.com/white_house_urges_schools_to_carry_naloxone/news.htm
Naloxone Saves. https://naloxonesaves.org/
National Harm Reduction Coalition, How to Use Narcan. I Got You.
National Institute of Drug Abuse (NIDA). (2022, January 11). Naloxone DrugFacts. https://nida.nih.gov/publications/drugfacts/naloxone.
National Institutes of Health/ National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2020, February 25). Overdose Prevention Education for Clinicians Treating Patients for an Opioid Use Disorder. five-minute video https://nida.nih.gov/videos/overdose-prevention-education-clinicians-treating-patients-opioid-use-disorder
National Institute of Drug Abuse (NIDA). (2022, December 16.) NIH Invests in a New Harm Reduction Research Network. https://nida.nih.gov/about-nida/noras-blog/2022/12/nih-invests-in-new-harm-reduction-research-network.
National Institutes of Health/National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2022, January). Naloxone Drug Facts: Naloxone for Opioid Overdose: Live-Saving Science. https://nida.nih.gov/publications/naloxone-opioid-overdose-life-saving-science
National Library of Medicine. (2019, January 15). How Naloxone Saves Lives in Opioid Overdose. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cssRZEI9ujY&t=59s
North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services. (n.d.). Alcohol Abuse Data Dashboard. https://bit.ly/3v4irfn
People Who Use Drugs. Survival Strategy from People Who Use Drugs. (n.d.). https://bit.ly/3tl08BR
ProCPR. Adult Rescue Breathing, https://you.tu.be/sxOMzjlaw
Rapid Response Fentanyl Test Strip Demonstration. (n.d.). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hwF6986Sd3o
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). (2023, October 3). Opioid Overdose. Preventing, Recognizing, and Treating Opioid Overdose | SAMHSA. https://bit.ly/3GNTszy
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). (2023, December 8). Naloxone. What is Naloxone? https://bit.ly/3RHSIkz
Witkiewitz, K., & Vowles, K.E. (2018, Mar). Alcohol and Opioid Use, Co-Use, and Chronic Pain in the Context of the Opioid Epidemic: A Critical Review. Alcohol Clin Exp Res.; 42(3): 478 – 488. doi: 10.1111/acer.13594. Epub 2018 Feb 6. PMID: 29314075; PMCID: PMC5832605.
Module 5 — Understanding Treatment and Providing Support
Adams, Chris. (2021, Ap. 27). Addiction in Immigrant and Latino Populations. National Press Foundation. https://nationalpress.org/topic/addiction-in-immigrant-and-latino-populations/
Addressing Barriers to MOUD Faced by People in Incarceration. https://drugtopics.com/view/addressing-barriers-to-mouds-faced-by-people-in-incarceration.
American Psychological Association. What is an Opioid Use Disorder? Video. https://youtu.be/CCLbKGKsp18
BlackDoctor.org Crisis Text Line 741741
Canadian Drug Policy Coalition. Stigma and Substance Use. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ha4yeOF6XNQ
Center for Quality Improvement. (n.d.). Harm Reduction Principles. https://youtu.be/UXdLsyuQATk
Centers for Disease Control (CDC). (n.d.). National Harm Reduction Technical Assistance Center. https://www.samhsa.gov/national-harm-reduction-tac.
Centers for Disease Control (CDC). (2021, October 6). Preventing Opioid Overdose. https://www.cdc.gov/opioids/overdoseprevention/index.html
Centers for Disease Control (CDC). (2022, November). Opioid Use During Pregnancy. https://www.cdc.gov/pregnancy/opioids/index.html
Centers for Disease Control. (2023, February 1). Opioid Use Disorder: Preventing and Treating. https://www.cdc.gov/opioids/healthcare-professionals/prescribing/opioid-use-disorder.html
Centers for Disease Control (2023, September 19). Opioid Use and Pregnancy. https://bit.ly/4a4IqTZ
Chen, I., Kurz, J., Pasanen, M., Faselis, C., Panda, M., Staton, L.J., O’Rorke, J., Menon. M., Genao, I., Wood, J., Mechaber, A.J., Rosenberg, E., Carey, T., Calleson, D., & Cykert, S. (2005, July). Racial differences in opioid use for chronic nonmalignant pain. J Gen Intern Med.;20(7):593 – 8. doi: 10.1111/j.1525 – 1497.2005.0106.X. Pmid: 16050852; Pmcid: Pmc1490156
Coming Home — A Justice-Involved Permanent Supportive Housing Program. Email: ncreferral@rhd.org. Phone: (919) 755‑1335.
Crumpler, Rachel. (2022, September 27). Opioid Use Disorder Treatment in Jails Making Strides in North Carolina. https://www.northcarolinahealthnews.org/2022/09/27/opioid-use-disorder-treatment-in-jails-making-strides-in-north-carolina/
David, A.R., Sian, C.R., Gebel, C.M., Linas, B.P., Samet, J.H., Sprague Martinez, L. S., Muroff, J., Bernstein, J. A., & Assoumou, S. A. (2022, Nov.) Barriers to accessing treatment for substance use after inpatient managed withdrawal (Detox): A qualitative study. J Subst Abuse Treat. 142:108870. doi: 10.1016/j.jsat.2022.108870. Epub 2022 Sep 1. PMID: 36084559; PMCID: PMC10084712.
Davis, M.A., Lin, A.L., Liu, H., & Sites, B.D. (2017). Prescription opioid use among adults with mental health disorders in the United States. J Am Board Fam Med. 30(4):407 – 417. PMID: 28720623
Davis, Mike. A Recap of the Impact of Opioids. TED-Ed. What Causes Opioid Addiction and Why It’s Tough to Combat. Video. https://youtu.be/V0CdS128-q4
Developing Brain Institute. (2022). Infants born to women who use opioids are likely to have physiological disturbances and low birth weight. https://bit.ly/4ar6Ab4
Djaharuddin, I., Munawwarah S., Nurulita, A., Ilyas, M., Tabri, N.A., & Lihawa, N. (2021). Comorbidities and mortality in COVID-19 patients. Gac Sanit. 35 Suppl 2:S530-S532. doi: 10.016/j.gaceta.2021.10.085. PMID: 34929892; PMCID: PMC8677356.
Drug Policy Alliance (2022). Statistics. https://drugpolicy.org/drug-war-stats/
Duke Regional Hospital. https://www.dukehealth.org/hospitals/duke-regional-hospital
Edwards, Erika. (2023, Dec. 5). Fentanyl Exposure During Pregnancy Possibly Linked to Abnormalities. NBC News. https://youtu.be/zgF2CPtP7bA
Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (2023, May 23). FDA Approves Buprenorphine Treatment Option for Opioid Use Disorder. https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-new-buprenorphine-treatment-option-opioid-use-disorder
FIT. Formerly Incarcerated Transition. Center for Community Transitions. https://centerforcommunitytransitions.org/programs/lifeworks/fit-formerly-incarcerated-transition-program/
Friends and Supporters. Introduction to Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Substance Use Disorders. https://youtu.be/Otu5Ajlo-_w
GoDurham ACCESS. https://godurhamtransit.org/access
GoDurham Transit. https://godurhamtransit.org/
Goedel, W.C., Shapiro, A., Cerdá, M., Tsai, J.W., Hadland, S.E., & Marshall, B.D. (2020). Association of Racial/Ethnic Segregation With Treatment Capacity for Opioid Use Disorder in Counties in the United States. JAMA Netw Open.;3(4):e203711. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.3711
Good Enough Parenting. Video. QuIHN| https://youtu.be/ha4yeOF6XNQ
GoTriangle. https://gotriangle.org/
Harm Reduction Principles: Ryan White HIV/AIDS Program Target HIV. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UXdLsyuQATk
Hoskin, Chuck Jr. (2023, September 3). Cherokee Nation Champions Behavioral Health and Harm Reduction. https://nativenewsonline.net/opinion/cherokee-nation-champions-behavioral-health-and-harm-reduction
JSI Research and Training Institute, Inc. Resources and Tools. https://ssc.jsi.com/resources
Kilaru, A.S., Xiong, A., Lowenstein, M., Meisel, Z.F., Perrone, J., Khatri, U., Mitra, N., & Delgado, M.K. (2020 May 1). Incidence of Treatment for Opioid Use Disorder Following Nonfatal Overdose in Commercially Insured Patients. JAMA Netw Open; 3(5):e205852. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.5852. PMID: 32459355; PMCID: PMC7254182
Krawczk, N., Allen, S.T., Schneider, K.E, Solomon, K., Shah, H., Morris, M., Harris, S.J., Sherman S.G, & Saloner, B. (updated 2022, August 16). “Intersecting substance use treatment and harm reduction services: Exploring the characteristics and service needs of a community-based sample of drug users.” Harm Reduction Journal, 19 (1). https://doi org/10org/10.1186/s12954-022 – 00676 – 8SAMHSA
Lincoln Community Health Center https://lincolnchc.org/
Local Reentry Council, https://www.dconc.gov/county-departments/departments-f‑z/justice-services/durham-local-reentry-council
Maine Department of Education. (2021). South Portland Drug Free Communities Coalition SoPo Drug-Free Communities Coalition Partners with Local Schools, Community Organizations to Host ‘Parent Connector’ Events. https://bit.ly/41qXXt4
Mass General Brigham. Understanding Opioid Addiction Treatment & Types of Medications. YouTube https://youtu.be/8iwL6R4cczA
Massachusetts government. (2023, October 24). Opioid Overdose Risk Factors. https://www.mass.gov/info-details/opioid-overdose-risk-factors
Mechanism of Action of a Partial Opioid Agonist (WBC-CPD) video. (2017, July 13). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qeVNcNf8orE
Medical Centre Opioid Use Disorder: Cause, Symptoms, and Treatment: YouTube.
Medical Centric https://youtu.be/Fa2XQYHGW5k
Medication-Assisted Treatment Overview: Naltrexone, Methadone & Suboxone-The Partnership.” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tMusvDyoIRI
Mental Health America. (n.d.). https://mhanational.org/
Methadone and MAT in Prisons and Jails. (2023), Pinnacle Treatment Centers. justiceandpublichealth@dhhs.nc.gov
Morden, N.E., Chyn, D., Wood, A., & Meara, E. (2021, Jul 22). Racial Inequality in Prescription Opioid Receipt – Role of Individual Health Systems. N Engl J Med.;385(4):342 – 351. doi: 10.1056/NEJMsa2034159. PMID: 34289277; PMCID: PMC8402927
Mundell, Ernie. (2023, Dec. 8). Suicide Rates Have Risen Steadily for Black Girls and Women. HealthDay. https://bit.ly/4aqyNiw
National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health. (n.d.). Chronic pain alternative treatments. https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/chronic-pain-what-you-need-to-know#hed3
National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health. (n.d.). Dietary supplement recommendations. https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/dietary-and-herbal-supplements
National Center on Substance Abuse and Child Welfare (n.d.). Building Hope for Families. https://ncsacw.acf.hhs.gov/
National Geographic. This is What Happens to Your Brain on Opioids-Susan’s Brain. Video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NDVV_M__CSI
National Health Service (2022, April 13). TENS (transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation. https://bit.ly/48bBRNM
National Institute of Drug Abuse (NIDA). (2018, January). Components of a Comprehensive Treatment Plan. https://bit.ly/3RqJjP3
National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA). (Updated 2018, January). Principles of Drug Addiction Treatment: A Research Based Guide (Third Edition). https://nida.nih.gov/sites/default/files/podat-3rdEd-508.pdf
National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA). (2021, December 3). How effective are medications to treat opioid use disorder? https://bit.ly/3NscyPl
National Institutes of Health. (2018, August 15). Comorbidity: Substance Use and Other Mental Disturbances. https://nida.nih.gov/research-topics/comorbidity/comorbidity-substance-use-other-mental-disorders-infographic
National Institute of Health-HEAL. Addressing Stigma in Healthcare. Video. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hzYl-LsqHN4
Neuroscience. Brain Reward Pathway (video) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f7E0mTJQ2KM
North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services. (2020). Post Overdose Response Toolkit. https://www.ncdhhs.gov/post-overdose-response-toolkit
North Carolina Opioid Settlement. (n.d.). Addiction Treatment for Incarcerated Persons. https://ncopioidsettlement.org/resources/addiction-treatment-for-incarcerated-persons/
North Carolina Peer Certified Peer Support Specialist Program. https://www.ventursrex.com/state-peer-certification-requirements/north-carolina.
North Carolina Specialty Hospital. https://www.ncspecialty.com/
Novak P, Feder, K.A., Ali, M.M., & Chen. J. (2019, March). Behavioral health treatment utilization among individuals with co-occurring opioid use disorder and mental illness: Evidence from a national survey. J Subst Abuse Treat. 98:47 – 52. doi: 10.1016/j.jsat.2018.12.006. Epub 2018 Dec 19. PMID: 30665603; PMCID: PMC6350939.
Our Fifty States. Connection Between Homeless Problems and Drug Addiction in the USA. https://youtu.be/yiRK5f_mWkc
Parisi, Theresa. (2019, October 24). The Top 10 Relapse Prevention Skills. Addiction Center. https://www.addictioncenter.com/community/top-10-relapse-prevention-skills/
Partnership to End Addiction. Medication-Assisted Treatment Overview: Naltrexone, Methadone & Suboxone l “The Partnership” Video. https://youtu.be/tMusvDyoIRI
PBS. NOVA. (2018, Oct.). Why Recuperating from Opioid Addiction is so Difficult. Video. https://bit.ly/3tdQYHx
Pinnacle Treatment Centers. Methadone & MAT in Prisons and Jails. https://pinnacletreatment.com/blog/methadone-mat-prisons-jails/
PsychHub. What Does a Peer Support Specialist Do? Video. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SMO3F1mjSaA
Religious Coalition for Non-Violent Durham. Drew Doll, Reentry and Reconciliation Coordinator: reentry@nonviolentdurham.org
Reservoir of Hope. https://bit.ly/3RLxcwk
Robinson, Kara Mayer. (2023, May 27). Addiction: Know Your Health Care Team. WebMD. https://www.webmd.com/mental-health/addiction/addiction-health-care-team
Saini, Jannat, Johnson, Breah, & Qato, Danya M. (2022). Self-Reported Treatment Need and Barriers to Care for Adults With Opioid Use Disorder: The U.S. National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2015 to 2019. American Journal of Public Health 112, 284 – 295. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2021.306577
Santoro, Taylor, & Santoro, Jonathan. (2018, Dec. 14). Racial Bias in the US Opioid Epidemic: A Review of the History of Systemic Bias and Implications for Care. Cureus. 10(12): e3733. DOI 10.7759/cureus.3733, https://bit.ly/3GO3Hnk
Stein, Sophie. (2023, August 25). Drug Abuse in Pregnancy and Effects on the Newborn. Laguna Treatment Hospital. https://lagunatreatment.com/support-for-women/newborn-health-effect/
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). (n.d.). Addiction as a Disease — Not a Moral Failure. Video. https://youtu.be/kGwo-CMTcVs
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). (n.d.). FindTreatment.gov. https://findtreatment.gov/
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). (n.d.) Helping a Loved One Dealing with Mental and/or Substance Use Disorders. https://www.samhsa.gov/sites/default/files/samhsa_families_family_support_guide_final508.pdf
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). (n.d.). Medications Used in MAT Relieve Withdrawal Symptoms and Psychological Cravings. https://youtu.be/_RP27Qh1hZY
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). (n.d.). National Helpline at 1 –800 – 662-HELP (4357) or TTY: 1 – 800 – 487 4889. https://www.samhsa.gov/find-help/national-helpline
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). (n.d.). Resources for Families Coping with Mental and Substance Use Disorders. https://www.samhsa.gov/families
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). (n.d.) Starting the Conversation. https://www.samhsa.gov/sites/default/files/starting-the-conversation-guide.pdf
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). (2018, June). Opioid Overdose Prevention Toolkit. SMA18-4742. https://store.samhsa.gov/product/Opioid-Overdose-Prevention-Toolkit/SMA18-4742
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). (2019). Key Substance Use and Mental Health Indicators in the United States: Results from the 2019 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. https://bit.ly/48nqEcE
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). (2021, April 19). Medication-Assisted Treatment and Common Misconceptions. Video. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_RP27Qh1hZY
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). (2022). Community Engagement: An Essential Component of an Effective and Equitable Substance Use Prevention System. SAMHSA Publication No. PEP22-06 – 01- 05. https://store.samhsa.gov/sites/default/files/pep22-06 – 01-005.pdf
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). (2023, April 24). Harm Reduction. https://www.samhsa.gov/sites/default/files/harm-reduction-framework.pdf
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA)/BRSS TACS. (2023, October 3) Peer Support Workers for those in Recovery. https://www.samhsa.gov/brss-tacs/recovery-support-tools/peers
TENS (transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation) (2022, April 13). National Health Service. https://bit.ly/46xgO6C
Ventusrex. (2023, February 2). Recovery Coach vs. Peer Specialist: Understanding the Differences. https://www.ventusrex.com/recovery-coach-vs-peer-specialist/
Veterans Crises Line. https://www.veteranscrisisline.net/
Ward, E.C., Wiltshire, J.C., Detry, M.A., & Brown, R.L. (2013 May-Jun.) African American men and women’s attitude toward mental illness, perceptions of stigma, and preferred coping behaviors. Nurs Res.62(3):185 – 94. doi: 10.1097/NNR.0b013e31827bf533. PMID: 23328705; PMCID: PMC4279858
What Does a Peer Specialist Do? https://youtu.be/SMO3F1mjSaA
Wisdom Care Transportation. https://wisdomcaretrans.com/contact-us/
Your Right to Methadone and Buprenorphine in New York Jails & Prisons. (2023). Legal Action Center. https://www.lac.org/assets/files/Right-to-MOUD-in-NY-Jails-and-Prisons.pdf
Table: Medication-assisted Treatment Options for Opioid Abuse
British Columbia Centre on Substance Use. (2016, August). Infosheet: What Is The Difference Between Naloxone (Narcan®) and Buprenorphine/Naloxone (Suboxone®)? https://www.bccsu.ca/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Nlx-vs.-Sub.pdf
Drug Enforcement Agency (2019, December). Methadone. https://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/drug_chem_info/methadone/methadone.pdf
Health Care Resource Centers Clinical Team. (2020, January 22). Methadone vs. Buprenorphine: Similarities and Differences. https://bit.ly/41yrtgD
Hester, Miranda. (2022, Dec. 12). Addressing Barriers to MOUDs Faced by People in Incarceration. American Public Health Association. https://bit.ly/480j87X
Kumar, R, Viswanath, O., & Saadabadi, A. [Updated 2023 Apr 29]. Buprenorphine. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (F.L.): StatPearls Publishing; 2023 Jan- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459126.
National Institute of Drug Administration (NIDA). (2022, January 11). Naloxone DrugFacts. https://nida.nih.gov/publications/drugfacts/naloxone on 2023 June 12.
North Carolina Medical Board (2023, February 17). Waivers no longer needed to prescribe buprenorphine. https://bit.ly/3GalCV1